Modern Analytical Chemistry

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Modern Analytical Chemistry

Modern Analytical Chemistry



Introduction


Modern Analytical Chemistry: Introduction
What Is Analytical Chemistry?
The Analytical Perspective
Common Analytical Problems

Basic Tools of Analytical Chemistry


Numbers in Analytical Chemistry
Units for Expressing Concentration
Stoichiometric Calculations
Basic Equipment and Instrumentation of Analytical Chemistry
Preparing Solutions of Analytical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry: The Laboratory Notebook

The Language of Analytical Chemistry


Language of Analytical Chemistry
Language of Analytical Chemistry: Analysis, Determination, and Measurement
Language of Analytical Chemistry: Techniques, Methods, Procedures, and Protocols
Classifying Analytical Techniques
Selecting an Analytical Method
Language of Analytical Chemistry: Developing the Procedure
Language of Analytical Chemistry: Protocols
The Importance of Analytical Methodology

Evaluating Analytical Data


Evaluating Analytical Data
Characterizing Measurements and Results
Analytical Data: Characterizing Experimental Errors
Propagation of Uncertainty
The Distribution of Measurements and Results
Statistical Analysis of Data
Statistical Methods for Normal Distributions
Detection Limits

Calibrations Standardizations and Blank Corrections


Calibrations, Standardizations, and Blank Corrections
Calibrating Signals
Standardizing Methods
Reagents Used as Standards
Standardizing Methods: Single-Point versus Multiple-Point Standardizations
Standardizing Methods: External Standards
Standardizing Methods: Standard Additions
Standardizing Methods: Internal Standards
Linear Regression and Calibration Curves
Blank Corrections

Equilibrium Chemistry


Equilibrium Chemistry
Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibria
Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Chemistry
Manipulating Equilibrium Constants
Equilibrium Constants for Chemical Reactions
Equilibrium Constants for Precipitation Reactions
Equilibrium Constants for Acid–Base Reactions
Equilibrium Constants for Complexation Reactions
Equilibrium Constants for Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Ladder Diagrams
Ladder Diagrams for Acid–Base Equilibria
Ladder Diagrams for Complexation Equilibria
Ladder Diagram for Oxidation–Reduction Equilibria
Solving Equilibrium Problems
A Simple Problem: Solubility of Pb(IO3)2 in Water
A More Complex Problem: The Common Ion Effect
Systematic Approach to Solving Equilibrium Problems
Solving Equilibrium Problems: pH of a Monoprotic Weak Acid
Solving Equilibrium Problems: pH of a Polyprotic Acid or Base
Effect of Complexation on Solubility
Buffer Solutions
Activity Effects
Two Final Thoughts About Equilibrium Chemistry

Obtaining and Preparing Samples for Analysis


Obtaining and Preparing Samples for Analysis
The Importance of Sampling
Designing A Sampling Plan
Where to Sample the Target Population
What Type of Sample to Collect
How Much Sample to Collect
How Many Samples to Collect
Minimizing the Overall Variance
Implementing the Sampling Plan
Implementing the Sampling Plan: Solutions
Implementing the Sampling Plan: Gases
Implementing the Sampling Plan: Solids
Separating the Analyte from Interferents
General Theory of Separation Efficiency
Classifying Separation Techniques
Classifying Separation Techniques: Separations Based on Size
Classifying Separation Techniques: Separations Based on Mass or Density
Classifying Separation Techniques: Separations Based on Complexation Reactions (Masking)
Classifying Separation Techniques: Separations Based on a Change of State
Classifying Separation Techniques: Separations Based on a Partitioning Between Phases
Liquid–Liquid Extractions
Separation Versus Preconcentration

Gravimetric Methods of Analysis


Overview of Gravimetry
Precipitation Gravimetry
Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Solubility Considerations
Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Avoiding Impurities
Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Occlusions
Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Controlling Particle Size
Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Filtering the Precipitate
Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Rinsing the Precipitate
Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Drying the Precipitate
Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Composition of Final Precipitate
Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Representative Method
Precipitation Gravimetry: Quantitative Applications
Precipitation Gravimetry: Qualitative Applications
Precipitation Gravimetry: Evaluating Precipitation Gravimetry
Volatilization Gravimetry
Volatilization Gravimetry: Theory and Practice
Volatilization Gravimetry: Quantitative Applications
Evaluating Volatilization Gravimetry
Particulate Gravimetry
Particulate Gravimetry: Theory and Practice
Particulate Gravimetry: Quantitative Applications
Particulate Gravimetry: Evaluating Particulate Gravimetry

Titrimetric Methods of Analysis


Titrimetric Methods of Analysis
Overview of Titrimetry
Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions
Acid–Base Titration Curves
Selecting and Evaluating the End Point - Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions
Titrations in Nonaqueous Solvents
Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions: Representative Method
Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions: Quantitative Applications
Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions: Qualitative Applications
Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions: Characterization Applications
Evaluation of Acid–Base Titrimetry
Titrations Based on Complexation Reactions
Chemistry and Properties of EDTA
Complexometric EDTA Titration Curves
Selecting and Evaluating the End Point - Titrations Based on Complexation Reactions
Representative Method - Titrations Based on Complexation Reactions
Quantitative Applications - Titrations Based on Complexation Reactions
Evaluation of Complexation Titrimetry
Titrations Based on Redox Reactions
Redox Titration Curves
Selecting and Evaluating the End Point - Titrations Based on Redox Reactions
Representative Method - Titrations Based on Redox Reactions
Quantitative Applications - Titrations Based on Redox Reactions
Evaluation of Redox Titrimetry
Precipitation Titrations
Precipitation Titration Curves
Selecting and Evaluating the End Point - Precipitation Titrations
Quantitative Applications - Precipitation Titration
Evaluation of Precipitation Titrimetry - Precipitation Titration

Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis


Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis
Overview of Spectroscopy
Basic Components of Spectroscopic Instrumentation
Spectroscopy Based on Absorption
Absorbance of Electromagnetic Radiation - Spectroscopy Based on Absorption
Transmittance and Absorbance - Spectroscopy Based on Absorption
Absorbance and Concentration: Beer’s Law
Limitations to Beer’s Law
Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry
Instrument Designs for Molecular UV/Vis Absorption - Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry
Instrument Designs for Infrared Absorption - Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry
Quantitative Applications - Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry
Qualitative Applications - Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry
Characterization Applications - Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry
Evaluation - Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Instrumentation - Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Quantitative Applications - Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Evaluation - Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy Based on Emission
Molecular Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
Molecular Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Spectra - Molecular Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
Instrumentation - Molecular Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
Quantitative Applications Using Molecular Luminescence
Evaluation - Molecular Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Atomic Emission Spectra - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Equipment - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Quantitative Applications - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Evaluation - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy Based on Scattering

Electrochemical Methods of Analysis


Classification of Electrochemical Methods
Potentiometric Methods of Analysis
Potentiometric Measurements - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis
Reference Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis
Metallic Indicator Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis
Membrane Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis
Membrane Potentials - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis
Selectivity of Membranes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis
Glass Ion-Selective Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis
Crystalline Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis
Liquid-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis
Gas-Sensing Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis
Potentiometric Biosensors - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis
Quantitative Applications - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis
Evaluation - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis
Coulometric Methods of Analysis
Controlled-Potential Coulometry
Controlled-Current Coulometry
Quantitative Applications - Coulometric Methods of Analysis
Characterization Applications - Coulometric Methods of Analysis
Evaluation - Coulometric Methods of Analysis
Voltammetric Methods of Analysis
Voltammetric Measurements
Current in Voltammetry
Shape of Voltammograms
Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Voltammetry
Voltammetric Techniques
Quantitative Applications - Voltammetric Methods of Analysis
Characterization Applications - Voltammetric Methods of Analysis
Evaluation - Voltammetric Methods of Analysis

Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods


Overview of Analytical Separations
General Theory of Column Chromatography
Chromatographic Resolution - Theory of Column Chromatography
Capacity Factor - Theory of Column Chromatography
Column Selectivity - Theory of Column Chromatography
Column Efficiency - Theory of Column Chromatography
Peak Capacity - Theory of Column Chromatography
Nonideal Behavior - Theory of Column Chromatography
Optimizing Chromatographic Separations
Optimizing Chromatographic Separations Using the Capacity Factor to Optimize Resolution
Optimizing Chromatographic Separations Using Column Selectivity to Optimize Resolution
Optimizing Chromatographic Separations Using Column Efficiency to Optimize Resolution
Gas Chromatography: Mobile Phase
Gas Chromatography: Chromatographic Columns
Gas Chromatography: Stationary Phases
Gas Chromatography: Sample Introduction
Gas Chromatography: Temperature Control
Gas Chromatography: Detectors for Gas Chromatography
Gas Chromatography: Quantitative Applications
Gas Chromatography: Qualitative Applications
Gas Chromatography: Representative Method
Gas Chromatography: Evaluation
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Columns
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Stationary Phases
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Mobile Phases
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Plumbing
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Sample Introduction
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Detectors for HPLC
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Quantitative Applications and Representative Method
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Evaluation
Liquid–Solid Adsorption Chromatography
Ion-Exchange Chromatography
Size-Exclusion Chromatography
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
Electrophoresis
Theory of Capillary Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis: Instrumentation
Capillary Electrophoresis Methods
Electrophoresis: Representative Method and Evaluation

Kinetic Methods of Analysis


Kinetic Methods of Analysis
Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics
Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics: Theory and Practice
Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics: Instrumentation
Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics: Quantitative Applications
Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics: Characterization Applications
Evaluation of Chemical Kinetic Methods
Radiochemical Methods of Analysis
Radiochemical Methods of Analysis: Theory and Practice
Radiochemical Methods of Analysis: Instrumentation
Radiochemical Methods of Analysis: Quantitative Applications
Radiochemical Methods of Analysis: Characterization Applications
Radiochemical Methods of Analysis: Evaluation
Flow Injection Analysis
Flow Injection Analysis: Theory and Practice
Flow Injection Analysis: Instrumentation
Flow Injection Analysis: Quantitative Applications
Flow Injection Analysis: Evaluation

Developing a Standard Method


Developing a Standard Method
Optimizing the Experimental Procedure
Optimizing the Experimental Procedure: Response Surfaces
Searching Algorithms for Response Surfaces
Mathematical Models of Response Surfaces
Verifying the Method
Validating the Method as a Standard Method
Two-Sample Collaborative Testing
Collaborative Testing and Analysis of Variance
What Is a Reasonable Result for a Collaborative Study?

Uality Assurance


Uality Assurance
Quality Control
Quality Assessment
Evaluating Quality Assurance Data: Prescriptive Approach
Evaluating Quality Assurance Data: Performance-Based Approach



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