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Science Tutorial
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Physics
Online Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki and important questions and answers
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Science Tutorial
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Nature of the Physical World and Measurement
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Scope of Physics
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Physics, Technology and Society
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Forces of nature
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Measurement
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Derived quantities and their units
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SI standards
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Rules and conventions for writing SI units and their symbols
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Expressing larger and smaller physical quantities
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Determination of distance, mass, time
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Accuracy and precision of measuring instruments
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Measurement: Significant figures
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Measurement: Rounding off
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Classification of Errors in Measurement
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Dimensional Analysis
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Uses and Limitations of Dimensional Analysis
Kinematics
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Kinematics - Rest and Motion
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Motion in one dimension (rectilinear motion)
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Equations of motion
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Graphical representations - displacement, velocity,acceleration with time graph
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Representation of a vector quantities
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Different types of vectors
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Addition of vectors: Triangle and Parallelogram law of vectors
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Subtraction of vectors
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Resolution of vectors and rectangular components
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Multiplication of two vectors
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Projectile motion
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Motion of a projectile thrown horizontally
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Motion of a projectile projected at an angle with the horizontal (oblique projection)
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Newton's first law of motion
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Three types of the inertia
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Examples for Newton's first law of motion
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Newton's second law of motion
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Impulsive force and Impulse of a force
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Newton's third Law of motion
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Applications of Newton s third law of motion
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Proof and Applications of Law of conservation of momentum
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Concurrent forces and Coplanar forces
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Parallelogram and Triangle law of forces
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Experimental verification of triangle law, parallelogram law and Lami's theorem
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Uniform circular motion
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Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity
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Centripetal acceleration, Centripetal force and Centripetal reaction
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Applications of centripetal forces
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Banking of curved roads and tracks and Condition for skidding
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Motion in a vertical circle
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Motion on a level circular road
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Work : Work done by a constant force and variable force
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Potential energy and Kinetic energy
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Principle of work and energy (work - energy theorem) Statement
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Conservative forces and non-conservative forces
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Collision: Types - Elastic collision and Inelastic collision
Dynamics of Rotational Motion
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Centre of mass
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Centre of gravity
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Equilibrium of bodies and types of equilibrium
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Rotational motion of rigid bodies
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Rotational kinetic energy and moment of inertia of a rigid body
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Theorems of moment of inertia : Perpendicular and Parallel axes theorem
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Moment of a force
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Couple and moment of the couple (Torque)
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Angular momentum of a rigid body
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Relation between torque and angular acceleration
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Conservation of angular momentum with Illustration
Gravitation and Space Science
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Newton's law of gravitation
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Acceleration due to gravity
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Acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the Earth
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Variation of acceleration due to gravity
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Gravitational field: potential difference and potential energy
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Inertial mass and Gravitational mass
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Escape speed derivation and with the atmosphere of a planet
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Satellites: Orbital velocity, Time period and Energy
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Geo-stationary satellites and Polar satellites
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Uses of satellites
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Indian space programme: List of Indian satellites and Indian Launch Vehicles (Rockets)
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Weightlessness, Rockets - principle and Types of fuels
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The Solar system
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Kepler's laws of planetary motion: The law of orbits, areas, periods
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Size, Surface temperatures, Mass, Atmosphere of the planets
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Conditions for life on any planet
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Asteroids, Comets, Meteors and Meteorites inthe Solar system
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Stars, Constellations, Galaxy in the Solar system
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Milky Way galaxy
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Origin of the Universe
Mechanics of Solids and Fluids
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Mechanics of Solids and Fluids
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Intermolecular or interatomic forces
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Elasticity: Stress, strain Elastic limit, Hooke's law
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Experimental verification of Hooke's law
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Study of stress - strain relationship
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Three moduli of elasticity
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Relation between the three moduli of elasticity
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Determination of Young's modulusby Searle's method
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Applications of modulus of elasticity
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Pressure due to a liquid column
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Pascal's law and effect of gravity
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Applications of Pascal's law: Hydraulic lift and brake
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Co-efficient of viscosity
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Viscosity: Streamline flow and Turbulent flow
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Stoke's law (for highly viscous liquids)
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Determination of coefficient of viscosity of water by Poiseuille's flow method
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Surface tension: Intermolecular, Cohesive, Adhesive force
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Experiments to demonstrate surface tension
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Molecular theory of surface tension
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Fluid Surface energy and surface tension
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Pressure difference and pressure inside a liquid drop and a soap bubble
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Capillarity and Illustrations of capillarity
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Experimental determination of surface tension of water by capillary rise method
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Factors affecting and Applications surface tension
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Total energy of a liquid: Pressure, Kineti, Potential energy
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Fluid Equation of continuity
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Bernoulli's theorem
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Application of Bernoulli's theorem
Oscillations
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The projection of uniform circular motion on a diameter is SHM
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Important terms in simple harmonic motion
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Dynamics of harmonic oscillations
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Angular harmonic oscillator
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Horizontal and Vertical oscillations of spring
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Oscillation of liquid column in a U - tube
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Oscillations of a simple pendulum
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Laws of pendulum
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Kinetic and Potential in simple harmonic motion
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Types of oscillations
Wave Motion
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Characteristics of wave motion
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Mechanical wave motion - Transverse and Longitudinal wave motion
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Relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength of a wave
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Velocity of wave in different media
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Laplace?s correction
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Factors affecting velocity of sound in gases
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Equation of a plane progressive wave
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Characteristics of progressive wave
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Progressive wave : Intensity and sound level
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Applications of reflection of sound waves
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Applications of refraction of sound
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Superposition principle of waves
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Interference of waves
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Experimental demonstration of interference of sound
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Beats - Analytical method and Uses of beats
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Analytical method and Characteristics of stationary waves
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Standing waves in strings - Sonometer
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Vibrations of air column in Organ pipes
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Resonance air column apparatus
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Doppler effect : Different cases and Applications
Heat and Thermodynamics
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Heat and Thermodynamics - Introduction
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Postulates of Kinetic theory of gases
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Pressure exerted by a gas
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Degrees of freedom of molecule
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Law of equipartition of energy
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Thermal equilibrium
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Molar specific heat capacity of a gas
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First law of thermodynamics
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Relation between Cp and Cv (Meyer's relation)
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Indicator diagram (P-V diagram)
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Isothermal process and Workdone in an isothermal expansion
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Adiabatic process and Work done in an adiabatic expansion
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Thermodynamic : Reversible and irreversible processes
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Second law of thermodynamics- Kelvin's, Clausius, Kelvin - Planck's statement
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Carnot engine - Essential parts, Working, four stages of operations
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Refrigerator : Coefficient of performance and Inferences
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Transfer of heat - Conduction, Convection, Radiation
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Perfect black body
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Experimental verification of Newton's law of cooling
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Surface temperature of the Sun
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Angstrom pyrheliometer
Ray Optics
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Reflection of light
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Image in a plane mirror
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Reflection at curved surfaces
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Total internal reflection
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Applications of Total internal reflection
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Michelson's method
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Importance of velocity of light
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Refraction of light
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Refraction at a spherical surface
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Lens maker's formula and lens formula and Magnification
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Combination of thin lenses in contact
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Refraction of light through a prism
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Dispersion of light and Dispersive power
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Spectrometer
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Basic Parts and Adjustments of the spectrometer
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Determination of the refractive index of the material of the prism
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Formation of rainbows
Magnetism
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Earth?s magnetic field and magnetic elements
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Basic properties of magnets
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Force between two magnetic poles
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Magnetic induction at a point along the axial line due to a magnetic dipole (Bar magnet)
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Magnetic induction at a point along the equatorial line of a bar magnet
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Mapping of magnetic field due to a bar magnet
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Torque on a bar magnet placed in a uniform magnetic field
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Tangent law
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End-on (or) Tan A position- Deflection magnetometer
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Broad?side on (or) Tan B position - Deflection magnetometer
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Magnetic properties of materials
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Properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic substances
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Hysteresis and Hysteresis loss
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Uses of ferromagnetic materials
Electrostatics
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Electrostatics - frictional electricity
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Basic properties of electric charge
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Definition of Coulomb's law , Principle of Superposition, Electric Field, Electric Field Intensity (E)
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Electric Field: Definition of Electric lines of force and Properties of lines of forces
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Electric potential: Definition of Electric potential and Relation between electric field and potential
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Gauss's law and its applications
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Electrostatic induction
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Principle of a capacitor and Energy stored in a capacitor
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Lightning conductor -Van de Graaff Generator- working principle and construction
Current Electricity
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Definition of Electric current and discription of Current Electricity
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Combination of resistors: Resistors in series and parallel
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Kirchoff's law and Potentiometer
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Superconductivity Defination and Applications of superconductors
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Carbon resistors and Colour code for carbon resistors
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Temperature dependence of resistance and Internal resistance of a cell
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Electric energy and electric power
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Faraday's laws of electrolysis | Chemical effect of current | Verification of Faraday's laws of electrolysis
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Electric cells and Voltaic cell
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Primary Cell - Daniel cell, Leclanche cell
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Secondary Cells - Lead - Acid accumulator - Applications of secondary cells
Effects of Electric Current
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Applications of Joule heating
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Seebeck effect
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Neutral and Inversion temperature
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Peltier effect and Peltier Co-efficient (π)
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Thomson effect and Thomson coefficient (σ)
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Thermopile
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Biot - Savart Law
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Tangent galvanometer : Theory and Construction of Tangent galvanometer
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Solenoid and Right hand palm rule
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Magnetic Lorentz force
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Cyclotron- Principle, Construction, Working and Limitations of Cyclotron
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Moving coil galvanometer : Principle, Construction, Pointer type moving coil galvanometer, Current sensitivity of a galvanometer
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Heating effect : Joule's law
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Verification of Joule's law
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Magnetic effect of current
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Magnetic field around a straight conductor carrying current
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Magnetic field due to a circular loop carrying current
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Biot Savart Law and Magnetic induction
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Ampere's Circuital Law
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Magnetic induction due to a long solenoid carrying current
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Magnetic Lorentz force and Cyclotron
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Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field
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Force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field
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Force between two long parallel current-carrying conductors
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Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field
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Conversion of galvanometer into an ammeter
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Conversion of galvanometer into a voltmeter
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Current loop as a magnetic dipole
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The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current
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AC generator (Dynamo) - Single phase and AC generator (Alternator) - Three phase
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Eddy currents and Applications of Eddy current
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Transformer Principle - Efficiency of a transformer - Energy losses in a transformer
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Electromagnetic induction
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Magnetic flux
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Induced emf and current - Electromagnetic induction
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Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction
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Lenz's law
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Self Induction
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Coefficient of self induction
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Self inductance of a long solenoid
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Mutual induction and Coefficient of mutual induction
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Methods of producing induced emf
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AC generator (Dynamo) - Single phase
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Eddy currents
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Transformer
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Long distance power transmission
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Alternating current
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AC Circuit with resistor, inductor and capacitor
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Choke coil: Construction and Working
Electromagnetic Waves and Wave Optics
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Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman(C.V.Raman) Life
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Uses of electromagnetic spectrum
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Types of spectra - Emission spectra, Line spectrum, Band Spectrum, Absorption Spectra
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Fraunhofer lines - Fluorescence - Phosphorescence
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Theories of light : Corpuscular theory, Wave theory, Electromagnetic theory, Quantum theory
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Scattering of light : Tyndal scattering, Raman effect
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Wave front : Huygen's principle
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Condition for sustained interference and Young's double slit experiment
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Newton's rings : Experiment, Theory
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Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction
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Diffraction grating explanation with Theory
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Polarisation of transverse waves
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Double refraction
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Polaroids explanation and Uses of Polaroid
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Nicol prism and Types of crystals
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Optical activity
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Specific rotation
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Electromagnetic Waves and Wave optics
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Characteristics of electromagnetic waves
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Hertz experiment
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Types of spectra
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Theories of light
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Scattering of light
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Wave front
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Superposition principle
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Diffraction
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Polarisation
Atomic Physics
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Discharge of electricity through gases at low pressure - Discovery of electrons
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Properties of Cathode rays
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Canal rays and Properties of Positive rays (or) Canal rays
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Thomson's method - Determination of specific charge (e/m) of an electron
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Millikan's oil drop experiment - Determination of charge of an electron
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Thomson atom model and its Drawbacks
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Rutherford's α - particle scattering experiment
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Rutherford atom model and its Drawbacks
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Bohr atom model
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Spectral series of hydrogen atom and Energy level diagram
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Excitation and ionization potential of an atom
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Shortcomings of Bohr's theory
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Sommerfeld atom model and its Drawbacks
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Production of X-rays - Modern Coolidge tube
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Types of X-rays: Soft and Hard X-rays
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Properties of X-rays
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Detection, Diffraction and Absorption of X-rays
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Laue experiment
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Bragg's law for X-ray diffraction
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Bragg's X-ray spectrometer
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X-ray spectra - continuous and characteristic X-ray spectra
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Moseley's law and Applications of Moseley's law
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Medical, Industrial and Scientific Applications of X-rays
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Spontaneous and stimulated emission of Laser
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Ruby laser - Generation Process and Energy Level
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Helium neon laser - Generation Process and Energy Level
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Medical, Industrial and Scientific Applications of laser
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter and Relativity
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Photoelectric effect - Dual Nature of Radiation
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Hallwachs Experiment - photo electric effect
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Effect of potential difference on the photoelectric current
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Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential
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Laws of photoelectric emission
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Einstein's photoelectric equation
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Photoelectric cells and their types, applications
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de Broglie wavelength of matter waves and an electron
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Electron microscope: Construction, working, Uses, Limitations
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Relativity: Concept of Space and Frame of reference
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Special theory of relativity
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Einstein's mass-energy equivalence
Nuclear Physics
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Classification of nuclei and Properties of nucleus Nuclear size
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Explanation of Nuclear binding energy curve
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Bainbridge mass spectrometer - Determination of isotopic masses of nuclei
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Nuclear force and Radioactivity
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Properties of Alpha α, beta β and gamma γ rays
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Radioactive displacement law
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Neutron - Discovery and Properties of neutrons
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Artificial radioactivity
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Applications of radio-isotopes
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Biological hazards of nuclear radiations
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Artificial radioactivity transmutation and Particle accelerators
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Geiger - Muller counter: Construction and Operation
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Energy released in Nuclear fission
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Radioactive Chain reaction
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Atom bomb - Principle and construction
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Nuclear reactor: Design and Function of parts, Uses
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Nuclear power programme in India
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Nuclear fusion: Hydrogen bomb and Stellar energy
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Cosmic Rays: Latitude effect, Altitude effect, Cosmic ray showers
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Elementary particles of atom - new nuclear particles
Semiconductor Devices and their Applications
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Semiconductors: Energy band in solids
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Semiconductors: Valence band, conduction band and forbidden energy gap
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Insulators, semiconductors and conductors - forbidden energy gap
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Electrons and holes in semiconductors
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Intrinsic semiconductor
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Extrinsic semiconductor: N and P -type semiconductor
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PN Junction diode: Forward and Reverse bias characteristics
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PN junction diode as Half wave and Bridge wave rectifier
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Avalanche and zener Breakdown mechanisms
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Zener diode and Zener diode as voltage regulator
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Light Emitting Diode (LED)
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Junction transistor
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Working of a PNP transistor
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Transistor circuit configurations
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Characteristics of an NPN transistor in common emitter configuration
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Transistor as a switch
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Transistor amplifier - Operating point, Working
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Transistor biasing - Voltage divider bias
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Single stage CE amplifier
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Multistage amplifiers
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Feedback in amplifiers- Principle of feedback and
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Transistor oscillators - Barkhausen condition for oscillation
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Generation of sinusoidal waves by a tuned LC circuit
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Essentials of LC oscillator
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Colpitt's oscillator
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Integrated circuit (IC)
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Digital electronics - Analog signal, Digital signal and logic levels
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Basic logic gates using discrete components
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Operational amplifier (OP - AMP)
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Circuit symbol and Pin-out configuration of an OP-AMP
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Basic OP-AMP circuits: Inverting, Non-inverting, Summing, Difference amplifier
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Cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO)
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Multimeter
Communication Systems
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Propagation of electromagnetic waves
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Amplitude modulation (AM): Modulation factor, Analysis, Advantages, Limitations
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Frequency modulation (FM): Advantages and Disadvantages
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Phase modulation (PM)
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Radio transmission - AM, FM transmitter and AF, RF section
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Radio reception: simple, AM and FM receiver
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Television: Construction and Working of Vidicon camera tube
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Television: Scanning and synchronising
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Monochrome picture tube
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Monochrome TV transmission
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Monochrome TV receiver
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RADAR: Principle, Applications, Transmission and reception of radar
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Analog communication and digital communication
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Modem and Fax (or) Facsimile
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Wire and Cable
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Fiber optical communication: Advantages, Applications
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Satellite Communication: Merits and Demerits
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