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Physics
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| Science Tutorial |
Physics
Nature of the Physical World and Measurement
Scope of Physics Physics, Technology and Society Forces of nature Measurement Derived quantities and their units SI standards Rules and conventions for writing SI units and their symbols Expressing larger and smaller physical quantities Determination of distance, mass, time Accuracy and precision of measuring instruments Measurement: Significant figures Measurement: Rounding off Classification of Errors in Measurement Dimensional Analysis Uses and Limitations of Dimensional AnalysisKinematics
Kinematics - Rest and Motion Motion in one dimension (rectilinear motion) Equations of motion Graphical representations - displacement, velocity,acceleration with time graph Representation of a vector quantities Different types of vectors Addition of vectors: Triangle and Parallelogram law of vectors Subtraction of vectors Resolution of vectors and rectangular components Multiplication of two vectors Projectile motion Motion of a projectile thrown horizontally Motion of a projectile projected at an angle with the horizontal (oblique projection) Newton's first law of motion Three types of the inertia Examples for Newton's first law of motion Newton's second law of motion Impulsive force and Impulse of a force Newton's third Law of motion Applications of Newton s third law of motion Proof and Applications of Law of conservation of momentum Concurrent forces and Coplanar forces Parallelogram and Triangle law of forces Experimental verification of triangle law, parallelogram law and Lami's theorem Uniform circular motion Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity Centripetal acceleration, Centripetal force and Centripetal reaction Applications of centripetal forces Banking of curved roads and tracks and Condition for skidding Motion in a vertical circle Motion on a level circular road Work : Work done by a constant force and variable force Potential energy and Kinetic energy Principle of work and energy (work - energy theorem) Statement Conservative forces and non-conservative forces Collision: Types - Elastic collision and Inelastic collisionDynamics of Rotational Motion
Centre of mass Centre of gravity Equilibrium of bodies and types of equilibrium Rotational motion of rigid bodies Rotational kinetic energy and moment of inertia of a rigid body Theorems of moment of inertia : Perpendicular and Parallel axes theorem Moment of a force Couple and moment of the couple (Torque) Angular momentum of a rigid body Relation between torque and angular acceleration Conservation of angular momentum with IllustrationGravitation and Space Science
Newton's law of gravitation Acceleration due to gravity Acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the Earth Variation of acceleration due to gravity Gravitational field: potential difference and potential energy Inertial mass and Gravitational mass Escape speed derivation and with the atmosphere of a planet Satellites: Orbital velocity, Time period and Energy Geo-stationary satellites and Polar satellites Uses of satellites Indian space programme: List of Indian satellites and Indian Launch Vehicles (Rockets) Weightlessness, Rockets - principle and Types of fuels The Solar system Kepler's laws of planetary motion: The law of orbits, areas, periods Size, Surface temperatures, Mass, Atmosphere of the planets Conditions for life on any planet Asteroids, Comets, Meteors and Meteorites inthe Solar system Stars, Constellations, Galaxy in the Solar system Milky Way galaxy Origin of the UniverseMechanics of Solids and Fluids
Mechanics of Solids and Fluids Intermolecular or interatomic forces Elasticity: Stress, strain Elastic limit, Hooke's law Experimental verification of Hooke's law Study of stress - strain relationship Three moduli of elasticity Relation between the three moduli of elasticity Determination of Young's modulusby Searle's method Applications of modulus of elasticity Pressure due to a liquid column Pascal's law and effect of gravity Applications of Pascal's law: Hydraulic lift and brake Co-efficient of viscosity Viscosity: Streamline flow and Turbulent flow Stoke's law (for highly viscous liquids) Determination of coefficient of viscosity of water by Poiseuille's flow method Surface tension: Intermolecular, Cohesive, Adhesive force Experiments to demonstrate surface tension Molecular theory of surface tension Fluid Surface energy and surface tension Pressure difference and pressure inside a liquid drop and a soap bubble Capillarity and Illustrations of capillarity Experimental determination of surface tension of water by capillary rise method Factors affecting and Applications surface tension Total energy of a liquid: Pressure, Kineti, Potential energy Fluid Equation of continuity Bernoulli's theorem Application of Bernoulli's theoremOscillations
The projection of uniform circular motion on a diameter is SHM Important terms in simple harmonic motion Dynamics of harmonic oscillations Angular harmonic oscillator Horizontal and Vertical oscillations of spring Oscillation of liquid column in a U - tube Oscillations of a simple pendulum Laws of pendulum Kinetic and Potential in simple harmonic motion Types of oscillationsWave Motion
Characteristics of wave motion Mechanical wave motion - Transverse and Longitudinal wave motion Relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength of a wave Velocity of wave in different media Laplace?s correction Factors affecting velocity of sound in gases Equation of a plane progressive wave Characteristics of progressive wave Progressive wave : Intensity and sound level Applications of reflection of sound waves Applications of refraction of sound Superposition principle of waves Interference of waves Experimental demonstration of interference of sound Beats - Analytical method and Uses of beats Analytical method and Characteristics of stationary waves Standing waves in strings - Sonometer Vibrations of air column in Organ pipes Resonance air column apparatus Doppler effect : Different cases and ApplicationsHeat and Thermodynamics
Heat and Thermodynamics - Introduction Postulates of Kinetic theory of gases Pressure exerted by a gas Degrees of freedom of molecule Law of equipartition of energy Thermal equilibrium Molar specific heat capacity of a gas First law of thermodynamics Relation between Cp and Cv (Meyer's relation) Indicator diagram (P-V diagram) Isothermal process and Workdone in an isothermal expansion Adiabatic process and Work done in an adiabatic expansion Thermodynamic : Reversible and irreversible processes Second law of thermodynamics- Kelvin's, Clausius, Kelvin - Planck's statement Carnot engine - Essential parts, Working, four stages of operations Refrigerator : Coefficient of performance and Inferences Transfer of heat - Conduction, Convection, Radiation Perfect black body Experimental verification of Newton's law of cooling Surface temperature of the Sun Angstrom pyrheliometerRay Optics
Reflection of light Image in a plane mirror Reflection at curved surfaces Total internal reflection Applications of Total internal reflection Michelson's method Importance of velocity of light Refraction of light Refraction at a spherical surface Lens maker's formula and lens formula and Magnification Combination of thin lenses in contact Refraction of light through a prism Dispersion of light and Dispersive power Spectrometer Basic Parts and Adjustments of the spectrometer Determination of the refractive index of the material of the prism Formation of rainbowsMagnetism
Earth?s magnetic field and magnetic elements Basic properties of magnets Force between two magnetic poles Magnetic induction at a point along the axial line due to a magnetic dipole (Bar magnet) Magnetic induction at a point along the equatorial line of a bar magnet Mapping of magnetic field due to a bar magnet Torque on a bar magnet placed in a uniform magnetic field Tangent law End-on (or) Tan A position- Deflection magnetometer Broad?side on (or) Tan B position - Deflection magnetometer Magnetic properties of materials Properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic substances Hysteresis and Hysteresis loss Uses of ferromagnetic materialsElectrostatics
Electrostatics - frictional electricity Basic properties of electric charge Definition of Coulomb's law , Principle of Superposition, Electric Field, Electric Field Intensity (E) Electric Field: Definition of Electric lines of force and Properties of lines of forces Electric potential: Definition of Electric potential and Relation between electric field and potential Gauss's law and its applications Electrostatic induction Principle of a capacitor and Energy stored in a capacitor Lightning conductor -Van de Graaff Generator- working principle and constructionCurrent Electricity
Definition of Electric current and discription of Current Electricity Combination of resistors: Resistors in series and parallel Kirchoff's law and Potentiometer Superconductivity Defination and Applications of superconductors Carbon resistors and Colour code for carbon resistors Temperature dependence of resistance and Internal resistance of a cell Electric energy and electric power Faraday's laws of electrolysis | Chemical effect of current | Verification of Faraday's laws of electrolysis Electric cells and Voltaic cell Primary Cell - Daniel cell, Leclanche cell Secondary Cells - Lead - Acid accumulator - Applications of secondary cellsEffects of Electric Current
Applications of Joule heating Seebeck effect Neutral and Inversion temperature Peltier effect and Peltier Co-efficient (?) Thomson effect and Thomson coefficient (?) Thermopile Biot - Savart Law Tangent galvanometer : Theory and Construction of Tangent galvanometer Solenoid and Right hand palm rule Magnetic Lorentz force Cyclotron- Principle, Construction, Working and Limitations of Cyclotron Moving coil galvanometer : Principle, Construction, Pointer type moving coil galvanometer, Current sensitivity of a galvanometer Heating effect : Joule's law Verification of Joule's law Magnetic effect of current Magnetic field around a straight conductor carrying current Magnetic field due to a circular loop carrying current Biot Savart Law and Magnetic induction Ampere's Circuital Law Magnetic induction due to a long solenoid carrying current Magnetic Lorentz force and Cyclotron Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field Force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field Force between two long parallel current-carrying conductors Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field Conversion of galvanometer into an ammeter Conversion of galvanometer into a voltmeter Current loop as a magnetic dipole The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electronElectromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current
AC generator (Dynamo) - Single phase and AC generator (Alternator) - Three phase Eddy currents and Applications of Eddy current Transformer Principle - Efficiency of a transformer - Energy losses in a transformer Electromagnetic induction Magnetic flux Induced emf and current - Electromagnetic induction Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction Lenz's law Self Induction Coefficient of self induction Self inductance of a long solenoid Mutual induction and Coefficient of mutual induction Methods of producing induced emf AC generator (Dynamo) - Single phase Eddy currents Transformer Long distance power transmission Alternating current AC Circuit with resistor, inductor and capacitor Choke coil: Construction and WorkingElectromagnetic Waves and Wave Optics
Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman(C.V.Raman) Life Uses of electromagnetic spectrum Types of spectra - Emission spectra, Line spectrum, Band Spectrum, Absorption Spectra Fraunhofer lines - Fluorescence - Phosphorescence Theories of light : Corpuscular theory, Wave theory, Electromagnetic theory, Quantum theory Scattering of light : Tyndal scattering, Raman effect Wave front : Huygen's principle Condition for sustained interference and Young's double slit experiment Newton's rings : Experiment, Theory Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction Diffraction grating explanation with Theory Polarisation of transverse waves Double refraction Polaroids explanation and Uses of Polaroid Nicol prism and Types of crystals Optical activity Specific rotation Electromagnetic Waves and Wave optics Characteristics of electromagnetic waves Hertz experiment Types of spectra Theories of light Scattering of light Wave front Superposition principle Diffraction PolarisationAtomic Physics
Discharge of electricity through gases at low pressure - Discovery of electrons Properties of Cathode rays Canal rays and Properties of Positive rays (or) Canal rays Thomson's method - Determination of specific charge (e/m) of an electron Millikan's oil drop experiment - Determination of charge of an electron Thomson atom model and its Drawbacks Rutherford's ? - particle scattering experiment Rutherford atom model and its Drawbacks Bohr atom model Spectral series of hydrogen atom and Energy level diagram Excitation and ionization potential of an atom Shortcomings of Bohr's theory Sommerfeld atom model and its Drawbacks Production of X-rays - Modern Coolidge tube Types of X-rays: Soft and Hard X-rays Properties of X-rays Detection, Diffraction and Absorption of X-rays Laue experiment Bragg's law for X-ray diffraction Bragg's X-ray spectrometer X-ray spectra - continuous and characteristic X-ray spectra Moseley's law and Applications of Moseley's law Medical, Industrial and Scientific Applications of X-rays Spontaneous and stimulated emission of Laser Ruby laser - Generation Process and Energy Level Helium neon laser - Generation Process and Energy Level Medical, Industrial and Scientific Applications of laserDual Nature of Radiation and Matter and Relativity
Photoelectric effect - Dual Nature of Radiation Hallwachs Experiment - photo electric effect Effect of potential difference on the photoelectric current Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential Laws of photoelectric emission Einstein's photoelectric equation Photoelectric cells and their types, applications de Broglie wavelength of matter waves and an electron Electron microscope: Construction, working, Uses, Limitations Relativity: Concept of Space and Frame of reference Special theory of relativity Einstein's mass-energy equivalenceNuclear Physics
Classification of nuclei and Properties of nucleus Nuclear size Explanation of Nuclear binding energy curve Bainbridge mass spectrometer - Determination of isotopic masses of nuclei Nuclear force and Radioactivity Properties of Alpha ?, beta ? and gamma ? rays Radioactive displacement law Neutron - Discovery and Properties of neutrons Artificial radioactivity Applications of radio-isotopes Biological hazards of nuclear radiations Artificial radioactivity transmutation and Particle accelerators Geiger - Muller counter: Construction and Operation Energy released in Nuclear fission Radioactive Chain reaction Atom bomb - Principle and construction Nuclear reactor: Design and Function of parts, Uses Nuclear power programme in India Nuclear fusion: Hydrogen bomb and Stellar energy Cosmic Rays: Latitude effect, Altitude effect, Cosmic ray showers Elementary particles of atom - new nuclear particlesSemiconductor Devices and their Applications
Semiconductors: Energy band in solids Semiconductors: Valence band, conduction band and forbidden energy gap Insulators, semiconductors and conductors - forbidden energy gap Electrons and holes in semiconductors Intrinsic semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductor: N and P -type semiconductor PN Junction diode: Forward and Reverse bias characteristics PN junction diode as Half wave and Bridge wave rectifier Avalanche and zener Breakdown mechanisms Zener diode and Zener diode as voltage regulator Light Emitting Diode (LED) Junction transistor Working of a PNP transistor Transistor circuit configurations Characteristics of an NPN transistor in common emitter configuration Transistor as a switch Transistor amplifier - Operating point, Working Transistor biasing - Voltage divider bias Single stage CE amplifier Multistage amplifiers Feedback in amplifiers- Principle of feedback and Transistor oscillators - Barkhausen condition for oscillation Generation of sinusoidal waves by a tuned LC circuit Essentials of LC oscillator Colpitt's oscillator Integrated circuit (IC) Digital electronics - Analog signal, Digital signal and logic levels Basic logic gates using discrete components Operational amplifier (OP - AMP) Circuit symbol and Pin-out configuration of an OP-AMP Basic OP-AMP circuits: Inverting, Non-inverting, Summing, Difference amplifier Cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) MultimeterCommunication Systems
Propagation of electromagnetic waves Amplitude modulation (AM): Modulation factor, Analysis, Advantages, Limitations Frequency modulation (FM): Advantages and Disadvantages Phase modulation (PM) Radio transmission - AM, FM transmitter and AF, RF section Radio reception: simple, AM and FM receiver Television: Construction and Working of Vidicon camera tube Television: Scanning and synchronising Monochrome picture tube Monochrome TV transmission Monochrome TV receiver RADAR: Principle, Applications, Transmission and reception of radar Analog communication and digital communication Modem and Fax (or) Facsimile Wire and Cable Fiber optical communication: Advantages, Applications Satellite Communication: Merits and Demerits
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