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Theorems of moment of inertia : Perpendicular and Parallel axes theorem

Theorems of moment of inertia : Perpendicular and Parallel axes theorem
Parallel axes theorem - Statement : The moment of inertia of a body about any axis is equal to the sum of its moment of inertia about a parallel axis through its centre of gravity and the product of the mass of the body and the square of the distance between the two axes.

Theorems of moment of inertia

 

(i) Parallel axes theorem

 

Statement

 

The moment of inertia of a body about any axis is equal to the sum of its moment of inertia about a parallel axis through its centre of gravity and the product of the mass of the body and the square of the distance between the two axes.

 

Proof

 

Let us consider a body having its centre of gravity at G as shown in Fig.. The axis XX passes through the centre of gravity and is perpendicular to the plane of the body. The axis X1X1 passes through the point O and is parallel to the axis XX . The distance between the two parallel axes is x.

 

Let the body be divided into large number of particles each of mass m . For a particle P at a distance r from O, its moment of inertia about the axis X1OX1 is equal to m r 2.

 

The moment of inertia of the whole body about the axis X1X1 is given by,

I = Σ mr2  ???(1)

From the point P, drop a perpendicular PA to the extended OG and join PG.

In the OPA,

OP 2 = OA2 + AP 2

r2 = x2 + 2xh + h2 + AP2  ???(2)

But from GPA,

GP 2 = GA2 + AP 2

y 2 = h 2 + AP 2  ..(3)

Substituting equation (3) in (2),

r 2 = x 2 + 2xh + y  ..(4)

Substituting equation (4) in (1),

I0   = Σ m (x2 + 2xh + y2)

= Σmx2 + Σ2mxh + Σmy2

= Mx2 + My2 + 2xΣmh

Here My2 = IG is the moment of inertia of the body about the line passing through the centre of gravity. The sum of the turning moments of all the particles about the centre of gravity is zero, since the body is balanced about the centre of gravity G.

 

Σ (mg) (h) = 0  (or)  Σ mh = 0 [since g is a constant]

equation (5) becomes, I0= Mx2 + IG

Thus the parallel axes theorem is proved.

 

(ii) Perpendicular axes theorem

 

Statement

 

The moment of inertia of a plane laminar body about an axis perpendicular to the plane is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia about two mutually perpendicular axes in the plane of the lamina such that the three mutually perpendicular axes have a common point of intersection.

Proof

Consider a plane lamina having the axes OX and OY in the plane of the lamina as shown Fig. The axis OZ passes through O and is perpendicular to the plane of the lamina. Let the lamina be divided into a large number of particles, each of mass m. A particle at P at a distance r from O has coordinates (x,y).


r2 = x2+y2

The moment of inertia of the particle P about the axis OZ = m r2. The moment of inertia of the whole lamina about the axis OZ is

I Z= Σmr2

The moment of inertia of the whole lamina about the axis OX is

Ix =Σ my 2

Similarly, I y= Σ  mx 2

From eqn. (2),   I = Σ mr2 = Σ m(x2+y2)

I = Σmx2+ Σ my2 = Ix+ Iy

 Iz = Ix+ Iy

 

which proves the perpendicular axes theorem.

 

List : Moment of Inertia of different bodies

Body :        Axis of Rotation

         

Thin Uniform Rod        

          Axis passing through its         centre  of  gravity  and   perpendicular to its length

         

         

          Axis passing through the        end and perpendicular to         its length.

         

         

Thin Circular Ring        

          Axis passing through its         centre and perpendicular         to its plane.

         

          Axis passing through its         Diameter

         

         

          Axis passing through a Tangent

 

Circular Disc       

           Axis passing through its        centre and perpendicular         to its plane.

         

          Axis passing through its         diameter

         

          Axis passing through a tangent

         

Solid Sphere        

          Axis passing through its         diameter

         

         

          Axis passing through a tangent

         

Solid Cylinder     

          Its own axis         

         

          Axis passing through its         centre and perpedicular to       its length

 

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11th 12th std standard Class Physics sciense Higher secondary school College Notes : Theorems of moment of inertia : Perpendicular and Parallel axes theorem |


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