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Chapter: 11th 12th std standard Class Physics sciense Higher secondary school College Notes

Transistor biasing - Voltage divider bias

Transistor biasing - Voltage divider bias
In order to amplify the input signal using a transistor, the signal is to be applied at an operating point called Q point in the active region. Once the operating point is established, its position should not change.

Transistor biasing

 

In order to amplify the input signal using a transistor, the signal is to be applied at an operating point called Q point in the active region. Once the operating point is established, its position should not change. If the Q point shifts near the saturation line or near cut off region of the output characteristics, the signal will be distorted after amplification.

 

The proper selection of operating point of a transistor and maintenance of proper emitter voltage during the passage of the signal is known as transistor biasing.

 

The most commonly used methods of obtaining transistor biasing are (i) base bias, (ii) base bias with emitter feedback, (iii) base bias with collector feedback and (iv) voltage divider bias.

 

The principle involved in all these types is to obtain the required base current corresponding to the operating point under zero signal conditions.

 

In all the bias circuits except voltage divider bias, the collector current depends on the current gain (β) of the transistor. But β of a transistor is very sensitive to temperature changes. For this reason, it is desirable to have a bias circuit whose action is independent of β. The requirement is met by the voltage divider bias circuit.

Voltage divider bias

This is the most widely used method of providing bias and stabilization to a transisitor. In this method, two resistances R1 and R2 are connected across the supply voltage VCC (Fig) and provide biasing. The emitter resistance RE provides stabilization. The voltage drop across R2 forward biases the base emitter junction. This causes the base current and hence collector current to flow in zero signal conditions.


The stabilization provided by RE can be explained as follows. Since β is very sensitive to temperature changes,

the collector current IC increases with rise in temperature. Consequently, it can be seen that IE increases. This will cause the voltage drop across emitter resistance RE to increase. The voltage drop across R2 = VBE + VRE. As voltage drop across R2 is independent of IC, VBE decreases. This decreases IB and the reduced value of IB tends to bring back IC to the original value. Hence any variation of β will have no effect on the operating point.

 

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