Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

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Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology



The Human Organism


Anatomy
Physiology
Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body
Characteristics of Life
Microbesin Your Body
Homeostasis
Terminology and the Body Plan

The chemical basis of life


Basic Chemistry
Chemical reactions - Human Organism
Acids and Bases
Inorganic Molecules
Organic Molecules

Cell Structures and their Functions


Cell Structure
Function of the cell
Structure of the Cell membrane
Movement through the cell membrane
Organelles - Cell Structures and their Functions
Whole cell activity
Cellular aspects of aging

Tissues


Tissues and Histology
Epithelial Tissue
Functions of Epithelia
Classification of Epithelia
Connective tissue
Functions of Connective Tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Tissue membranes
Tissue damage and inflammation
Tissue repair
Effects of aging on tissues

Integumentary System


Functions of the Integumentary System
Skin
Subcutaneous Tissue
Accessory skin structures
Physiology of the integumentary system
Integumentary system as a diagnostic Aid
Burns: Classify burns on the basis of the amount of skin damage produced
Skin Cancer
Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System

Skeletal System Bones and Joints


Functions of the Skeletal System
Extracellular Matrix
General Features of Bone
Bone and calcium homeostasis
General Considerations of Bone Anatomy
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Joints
Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints

Muscular System


Functions of the Muscular System
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle Structure
Excitability of Muscle Fibers
Nerve Supply and Muscle fiber Stimulation
Muscle Contraction
Energy Requirements for Muscle Contraction
Fatigue
Effect of Fiber Type on Activity Level
Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle
General Principles - Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
Nomenclature - Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
Muscles of the head and Neck
Trunk Muscles
Upper limb Muscles
Lower Limb Muscles
Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle

Nervous System


Functions of the Nervous System
Divisions of the Nervous System
Cells of the Nervous System
Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways
Resting Membrane Potential - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways
Action Potentials - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways
The Synapse - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways
Reflexes - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways
Neuronal Pathways - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
Spinal Cord and Spinal Cord Reflexes
Spinal Nerves
Brain Anatomy
Sensory Functions
Motor Functions: Motor Areas Of The Cerebral Cortex, Descending tracts, Cerebellum
Communication Between the right and Left hemispheres - Brain Functions
Speech - Brain Functions
Brain waves and Consciousness - Brain Functions
Memory - Brain Functions
Limbic system and emotions - Brain Functions
Meninges - Nervous System
Ventricles - Nervous System
Cerebrospinal fluid - Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Autonomic Nervous System
Enteric Nervous System
Effects of Aging on the Nervous System

Senses


Sensation
Sensory Receptors
General Senses
Special Senses
Olfaction
Taste
Vision
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Anatomy of the Eye
Functions of the Eye
Neuronal Pathways for Vision
Hearing and Balance
Anatomy and function of the Ear
Hearing - Ear
Neuronal Pathways for Hearing
Balance - Ear
Neuronal Pathways for Balance - Ear
Effects of Aging on the Senses

Endocrine System


Principles of Chemical Communication
Functions of the Endocrine System
Characteristics of the Endocrine System
Chemical Nature of Hormones
Control of Hormone Secretion
Hormone Receptors and Mechanisms of Action
Pituitary and hypothalamus - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
Thyroid Gland - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
Parathyroid Glands - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
Adrenal Glands - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
Pancreas, Insulin, and Diabetes - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
Testes and Ovaries - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
Thymus and Pineal Gland - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
Other Hormones
Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System

Blood


Functions of Blood
Composition of Blood
Plasma
Formed Elements - Blood
Preventing Blood Loss
Blood Grouping
ABO Blood Group
Rh Blood Group
Diagnostic Blood Tests

Heart


Functions of the Heart
Size, Form, and Location of the Heart
Anatomy of the Heart
Heart valves
Route of Blood Flow Through the Heart
Blood Supply to the Heart
Histology of the Heart
Electrical Activity of the Heart
Cardiac Cycle
Heart Sounds
Regulation of Heart Function
Effects of Aging on the Heart

Blood Vessels and Circulation


Functions of the Circulatory System
General Features of Blood Vessel Structure
Blood Vessels of the Pulmonary Circulation
Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation: Arteries
Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation: Veins
Physiology of Circulation
Control of Blood Flow in Tissues
Regulation of Arterial Pressure
Effects of Aging on the Blood Vessels

Lymphatic System and Immunity


Functions of the Lymphatic System
Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
Immunity
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Origin and Development of Lymphocytes
Activation and Multiplication of Lymphocytes
Antibody-mediated immunity
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Acquired Immunity
Overview of Immune Interactions
Immunotherapy
Effects of Aging on the Lymphatic System and Immunity

Respiratory System


Functions of the Respiratory System
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Nose - Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Pharynx - Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Larynx - Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Trachea - Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Bronchi - Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Lungs - Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Pleural Cavities - Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Lymphatic Supply - Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Ventilation and Respiratory Volumes
Changing thoracic Volume
Lung Recoil
Changing Alveolar Volume
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Gas Exchange - Respiratory System
Gas Transport in the Blood
Rhythmic Breathing
Generation of Rhythmic Breathing
Nervous and Chemical Control of Breathing
Effect of Exercise on Breathing
Respiratory Adaptations to Exercise
Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System

Digestive System


Functions of the Digestive System
Anatomy and Histology of the Digestive System
Anatomy of Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus
Anatomy of the oral Cavity
Saliva
Swallowing - Digestive System
Stomach
Anatomy of the Stomach
Secretions of the Stomach
Regulation of Stomach Secretions
Movement in the Stomach
Anatomy of the Small intestine
Secretions of the Small intestine
Movement and Absorption in the Small Intestine
Anatomy of the liver
Functions of the Liver
Anatomy and Functions of the Pancreas
Anatomy of the large intestine
Functions of the Large Intestine
Digestion, Absorption, and Transport in Digestive System
Effects of Aging on the Digestive System

Nutrition Metabolism and body Temperature Regulation


Nutrition and Nutrients
Kilocalories
Carbohydrates - Human Nutrition
Lipids - Human Nutrition
Proteins - Human Nutrition
Vitamins - Human Nutrition
Minerals - Human Nutrition
Daily Values - Human Nutrition
Metabolism
Regulation of Metabolism
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Lipid Metabolism
Protein Metabolism
Metabolic States
Metabolic Rate
Body Temperature Regulation

Urinary System and Fluid Balance


Functions of the Urinary System
Anatomy of the Kidneys
Urine Production
Filtration - Urine Production
Regulation of Filtration - Urine Production
Tubular Reabsorption - Urine Production
Tubular Secretion - Urine Production
Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume
Urine Movement
Body Fluid Compartments
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance in Human Body

Reproductive System


Functions of the Reproductive System
Formation of Gametes
Male Reproductive System
Physiology of Male Reproduction
Regulation of Reproductive Hormone Secretion
Puberty In Males
Effects of Testosterone
Male Sexual Behavior and The Male Sex Act
Infertility in Males
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries - Female Reproductive System
Oogenesis and Fertilization - Female Reproductive System
Uterine tubes - Female Reproductive System
Uterus - Female Reproductive System
Vagina - Female Reproductive System
Mammary Glands and Anatomy of the Breast - Female Reproductive System
Physiology of Female Reproduction
Puberty in Females
Menstrual Cycle
Female sexual Behavior and the Female sex act
Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System

Development Heredity and aging


Prenatal Development
Formation of the Germ - Prenatal Development
Neural tube and neural Crest Formation - Prenatal Development
Formation of the General Body structure - Prenatal Development
Development of the Organ Systems - Prenatal Development
Growth of the Fetus - Prenatal Development
Parturition
The Newborn
Lactation
First Year Following Birth
Life Stages
Genetics
Genes
Genetic Disorders and Counseling



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