Introduction to Human Nutrition
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Introduction to Human Nutrition
A Global Perspective on Food and Nutrition
Orientation to human nutrition An integrated approach of Human Nutrition A conceptional framework for the study of nutrition Relationship between nutrition and health Nutrients: the basics Global malnutrition Relationship between nutrition science and practice Nutrition milestones: the development of nutrition as a science Future challenges for nutrition research and practiceBody Composition
Body Composition Five levels of body composition Relationships between different levels of body composition Body composition techniques Direct methods - Body composition techniques Indirect methods - Body composition techniques Doubly indirect methods - Body composition techniques Carcass analysis - Direct methods in Body composition techniques In vivo neutron activation analysis - Direct methods in Body composition techniques Densitometry - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques Dilution techniques - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques Total body potassium - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques Imaging techniques - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques Weight/height indices - Doubly indirect methods in Body composition techniques Skinfold thickness measurements - Doubly indirect methods in Body composition techniques Anthropometric variables - Body composition techniques Infrared interactance - Body composition techniques Ultrasound measurements - Doubly indirect methods in Body composition techniques Bioelectrical impedance - Body composition techniques Total body electrical conductivity - Body composition techniques Creatinine excretion and N-methyl-histidine excretion - Body composition techniques Use and misuse of body composition dataEnergy Metabolism
Energy Metabolism Components of energy balance - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism Energy intake - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism Factors influencing food intake Energy expenditure: Concept, Measurement, Historical aspects Factors that influence energy expenditure Energy expenditure related to physical activity - Energy Metabolism Energy requirements - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism Energy balance(Human Nutrition) in various conditions Energy requirements in disease and trauma Obesity: Basic metabolic principles Definition of obesity Etiology of obesity: excess intake or decreased physical activity Role of physical activity and energy expenditure in the development of obesityNutrition and Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids
Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids A historical perspective - Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins Structure and chemistry of amino acids Classification of amino acids Biology of protein and amino acid requirements Body protein mass Turnover of proteins and amino acid metabolism: Protein synthesis, degradation, and turnover Amino acids as precursors of physiologically important nitrogen compounds Urea cycle enzymes and urea production Estimation of protein and amino acid requirements Nitrogen balance and definition of requirement Protein requirements for various age and physiological groups Definition and determination of indispensable amino acid requirements Meeting protein and amino acid needs Factors other than diet affecting protein and amino acid requirementsDigestion and Metabolism of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates in foods Digestive fate of dietary carbohydrates Glycemic carbohydrates Metabolic utilization of carbohydrate Regulation of blood glucose concentration Dietary management of blood glucose concentration Nonglycemic carbohydrates Physiological classification of carbohydrates entering the colon Chemical classification of carbohydrates entering the colon Amount of carbohydrate entering the human colon Resistant starch Dietary fiber Intakes of dietary fiber, oligosaccharides, and other indigestible sugars Fermentation in the colon Fate of short-chain fatty acids Carbohydrates and dental cariesNutrition and Metabolism of Lipids
History of lipids in human nutrition Terminology of dietary fats Lipids as components of the diet Digestion, absorption, and transport of dietary fat Reception, emulsification, lipolysis, solubilization, and absorption Solubilization of emulsified fat Absorption of solubilized fat Enterohepatic circulation Re-esterification of triacylglycerols in the enterocyte Lipoprotein assembly and secretion Postprandial lipemia Postprandial lipemia: relevance to atherosclerosis Lipoprotein structure: a shopping bag and groceries Lipoprotein transport pathways - Circulating lipids: lipoprotein structures and metabolism Metabolic determinants of lipoprotein metabolism Low-density lipoprotein receptor pathway Reverse cholesterol transport (high-density lipoprotein pathway) Interrelationships among serum triacylglycerols and low- and high-density lipoproteins Endocrine control of lipoprotein metabolism Sex hormones on lipoprotein The triacylglycerol hypothesis - Circulating lipids: lipoprotein structures and metabolism Body lipid pools Long-chain fatty acid metabolism Nutritional regulation of long-chain fatty acid profiles and metabolism Nutritional and metabolic effects of dietary fatty acids Cholesterol synthesis and regulation: Cholesterol and the brain Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins Diet and serum cholesterol Trans fatty acids - Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins Plant sterols and soluble nonstarch polysaccharides - Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins Dietary cholesterol - Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins Fat quantity versus quality: importance of the ratio of n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plants and fish Saturated fatty acids and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and serum triacylglycerolsDietary Reference Standards
Dietary Reference Standards Terminology and conceptual approaches to setting nutrient recommendations Interpretation and uses of dietary recommendations The use of reference values to assess the adequacy of the nutrient intakes of population groups Methods used to determine requirements and set dietary recommendations Methods used to determine requirementsThe Vitamins
Vitamins Vitamins: Introduction - Human Nutrition Vitamin A - Human Nutrition Vitamers and international units Metabolism and storage of vitamin A and pro-vitamin A carotenoids Metabolic functions of vitamin A and carotenes Vitamin A deficiency: night blindness and xerophthalmia Vitamin A requirements and reference intakes Toxicity of vitamin A Interactions of vitamin A with drugs and other nutrients Vitamin D - Human Nutrition Vitamers and international units - Vitamin D Vitamin D Absorption and metabolism Regulation of vitamin D metabolism Metabolic functions of vitamin D Vitamin D deficiency: rickets and osteomalacia Vitamin D requirements and reference intakes Vitamin D toxicity Interactions of Vitamin D with drugs and other nutrients Vitamin E - Human Nutrition Vitamers and units of activity - Vitamin E Vitamin E Absorption and metabolism Metabolic functions of vitamin E Vitamin E deficiency Vitamin E requirements Interactions of Vitamin E with other nutrients Vitamin K - Human Nutrition Vitamers - Vitamin K Dietary sources, bacterial synthesis and metabolism - Vitamin K Metabolic functions of vitamin K Vitamin K deficiency and requirements Toxicity and drug interactions of Vitamin K Vitamin B1 (thiamin) Absorption and metabolism of thiamin(Vitamin B1) Metabolic functions of thiamin(Vitamin B1) Absorption and metabolism of thiamin (Vitamin B1) Metabolic functions of thiamin (Vitamin B1) Thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency Thiamin (Vitamin B1) requirements Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - Human Nutrition Absorption and metabolism of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Metabolic functions of the flavin coenzymes Riboflavin(Vitamin B2) deficiency Riboflavin(Vitamin B2) requirements Interactions of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) with drugs and other nutrients Niacin - Human Nutrition Vitamers and niacin equivalents Absorption and metabolism of Niacin Metabolic functions of niacin Pellagra: a disease of tryptophan and niacin deficiency Niacin requirements Niacin toxicity Vitamin B6 - Human Nutrition Vitamers - vitamin B6 Absorption and metabolism of vitamin B6 Metabolic functions of vitamin B6 Vitamin B6 deficiency Vitamin B6 requirements Assessment of vitamin B6 status Non-nutritional uses of vitamin B6 Vitamin B6 toxicity Vitamin B12 - Human Nutrition Structure and vitamers - vitamin B12 Absorption and metabolism of vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 deficiency: pernicious anemia Vitamin B12 requirements Assessment of vitamin B12 status Folic acid - Human Nutrition Vitamers and dietary equivalence - Folic acid Absorption and metabolism of folate Metabolic functions of folate Folate deficiency: megaloblastic anemia Folate requirements Assessment of folate status Drug-nutrient interactions of folate Folate toxicity Biotin - Human Nutrition Absorption and metabolism of biotin Metabolic functions of biotin Biotin deficiency and requirements Pantothenic acid - Human Nutrition Absorption, metabolism, and metabolic functions of pantothenic acid Pantothenic acid deficiency and safe and adequate levels of intake Non-nutritional uses of pantothenic acid Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - Human Nutrition Absorption and metabolism of vitamin C Metabolic functions of vitamin C Vitamin C deficiency: scurvy Vitamin C requirements Assessment of vitamin C status Possible benefits of high intakes of vitamin C Toxicity of vitamin CMinerals and Trace Elements
Minerals and Trace Elements Calcium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms Calcium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions Magnesium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms Magnesium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions Phosphorus: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms Phosphorus: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions Sodium and chloride: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms Sodium and chloride: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions Potassium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms Potassium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions Iron: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms Iron: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions Zinc: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms Zinc: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions Copper: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms Copper: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions Selenium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms Selenium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions Iodine: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms Iodine: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions Manganese: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms Manganese: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions Molybdenum: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms Molybdenum: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions Fluoride: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms Fluoride: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions Chromium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms Chromium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactionsMeasuring Food Intake
Measuring Food Intake Indirect measurement of food intake Household-based surveys Direct measures of food intake Methods for measuring intake on specified days Methods for measuring intake over the longer term Sources of error in dietary studies Choosing a dietary assessment method Repeatability and Validity of dietary methods Biological measures to validate energy and nutrient intake Evaluation of food intake data Assessment of dietary adequacy Assessing food intake Food safety assessmentsFood Composition
Food Composition Foods - Food Composition Nutrients, nonnutrients and energy Information required on sources of data in tables Overcoming the inadequacies of food composition tables Nutrient losses and gains during food processing and preparation Bioavailability and glycemic index How to calculate a recipe not included in the database Description of food composition tables and databases and how to retrieve data Converting foods to nutrientsFood and Nutrition
Reference points in human nutrition Exploration of dietary patterns Options to change food and nutrient intakes Global players in food and nutrition regulation FAO/WHO and Codex Alimentarius WTO: Sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade European Food Safety Authority EU nutrition and public healthNutrition Research Methodology
Nutrition Research Methodology Statistical analysis and experimental design - Nutrition Research Methodology In vitro studies - Nutrition Research Methodology Animal models in nutrition research - Nutrition Research Methodology Human studies - Nutrition Research Methodology Epidemiological designs - Nutrition Research MethodologyFood Safety
Factors contributing to food safety concerns Food-borne bacteria Food-borne viruses Food-borne parasites Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and food Chemicals affecting food safety Food safety control programsFood and Nutrition Related Diseases
Food and Nutrition-Related Diseases: The Global Challenge Nutrition-related diseases in developed countries Nutrition-related diseases in developing countries HIV/AIDS - Food and Nutrition Related Diseases Global challenge to address malnutrition
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