Introduction to Human Nutrition

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Introduction to Human Nutrition

Introduction to Human Nutrition



A Global Perspective on Food and Nutrition


Orientation to human nutrition
An integrated approach of Human Nutrition
A conceptional framework for the study of nutrition
Relationship between nutrition and health
Nutrients: the basics
Global malnutrition
Relationship between nutrition science and practice
Nutrition milestones: the development of nutrition as a science
Future challenges for nutrition research and practice

Body Composition


Body Composition
Five levels of body composition
Relationships between different levels of body composition
Body composition techniques
Direct methods - Body composition techniques
Indirect methods - Body composition techniques
Doubly indirect methods - Body composition techniques
Carcass analysis - Direct methods in Body composition techniques
In vivo neutron activation analysis - Direct methods in Body composition techniques
Densitometry - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques
Dilution techniques - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques
Total body potassium - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques
Imaging techniques - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques
Weight/height indices - Doubly indirect methods in Body composition techniques
Skinfold thickness measurements - Doubly indirect methods in Body composition techniques
Anthropometric variables - Body composition techniques
Infrared interactance - Body composition techniques
Ultrasound measurements - Doubly indirect methods in Body composition techniques
Bioelectrical impedance - Body composition techniques
Total body electrical conductivity - Body composition techniques
Creatinine excretion and N-methyl-histidine excretion - Body composition techniques
Use and misuse of body composition data

Energy Metabolism


Energy Metabolism
Components of energy balance - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism
Energy intake - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism
Factors influencing food intake
Energy expenditure: Concept, Measurement, Historical aspects
Factors that influence energy expenditure
Energy expenditure related to physical activity - Energy Metabolism
Energy requirements - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism
Energy balance(Human Nutrition) in various conditions
Energy requirements in disease and trauma
Obesity: Basic metabolic principles
Definition of obesity
Etiology of obesity: excess intake or decreased physical activity
Role of physical activity and energy expenditure in the development of obesity

Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids


Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids
A historical perspective - Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins
Structure and chemistry of amino acids
Classification of amino acids
Biology of protein and amino acid requirements
Body protein mass
Turnover of proteins and amino acid metabolism: Protein synthesis, degradation, and turnover
Amino acids as precursors of physiologically important nitrogen compounds
Urea cycle enzymes and urea production
Estimation of protein and amino acid requirements
Nitrogen balance and definition of requirement
Protein requirements for various age and physiological groups
Definition and determination of indispensable amino acid requirements
Meeting protein and amino acid needs
Factors other than diet affecting protein and amino acid requirements

Digestion and Metabolism of Carbohydrates


Carbohydrates in foods
Digestive fate of dietary carbohydrates
Glycemic carbohydrates
Metabolic utilization of carbohydrate
Regulation of blood glucose concentration
Dietary management of blood glucose concentration
Nonglycemic carbohydrates
Physiological classification of carbohydrates entering the colon
Chemical classification of carbohydrates entering the colon
Amount of carbohydrate entering the human colon
Resistant starch
Dietary fiber
Intakes of dietary fiber, oligosaccharides, and other indigestible sugars
Fermentation in the colon
Fate of short-chain fatty acids
Carbohydrates and dental caries

Nutrition and Metabolism of Lipids


History of lipids in human nutrition
Terminology of dietary fats
Lipids as components of the diet
Digestion, absorption, and transport of dietary fat
Reception, emulsification, lipolysis, solubilization, and absorption
Solubilization of emulsified fat
Absorption of solubilized fat
Enterohepatic circulation
Re-esterification of triacylglycerols in the enterocyte
Lipoprotein assembly and secretion
Postprandial lipemia
Postprandial lipemia: relevance to atherosclerosis
Lipoprotein structure: a shopping bag and groceries
Lipoprotein transport pathways - Circulating lipids: lipoprotein structures and metabolism
Metabolic determinants of lipoprotein metabolism
Low-density lipoprotein receptor pathway
Reverse cholesterol transport (high-density lipoprotein pathway)
Interrelationships among serum triacylglycerols and low- and high-density lipoproteins
Endocrine control of lipoprotein metabolism
Sex hormones on lipoprotein
The triacylglycerol hypothesis - Circulating lipids: lipoprotein structures and metabolism
Body lipid pools
Long-chain fatty acid metabolism
Nutritional regulation of long-chain fatty acid profiles and metabolism
Nutritional and metabolic effects of dietary fatty acids
Cholesterol synthesis and regulation: Cholesterol and the brain
Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins
Diet and serum cholesterol
Trans fatty acids - Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins
Plant sterols and soluble nonstarch polysaccharides - Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins
Dietary cholesterol - Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins
Fat quantity versus quality: importance of the ratio of n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plants and fish
Saturated fatty acids and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and serum triacylglycerols

Dietary Reference Standards


Dietary Reference Standards
Terminology and conceptual approaches to setting nutrient recommendations
Interpretation and uses of dietary recommendations
The use of reference values to assess the adequacy of the nutrient intakes of population groups
Methods used to determine requirements and set dietary recommendations
Methods used to determine requirements

The Vitamins


Vitamins
Vitamins: Introduction - Human Nutrition
Vitamin A - Human Nutrition
Vitamers and international units
Metabolism and storage of vitamin A and pro-vitamin A carotenoids
Metabolic functions of vitamin A and carotenes
Vitamin A deficiency: night blindness and xerophthalmia
Vitamin A requirements and reference intakes
Toxicity of vitamin A
Interactions of vitamin A with drugs and other nutrients
Vitamin D - Human Nutrition
Vitamers and international units - Vitamin D
Vitamin D Absorption and metabolism
Regulation of vitamin D metabolism
Metabolic functions of vitamin D
Vitamin D deficiency: rickets and osteomalacia
Vitamin D requirements and reference intakes
Vitamin D toxicity
Interactions of Vitamin D with drugs and other nutrients
Vitamin E - Human Nutrition
Vitamers and units of activity - Vitamin E
Vitamin E Absorption and metabolism
Metabolic functions of vitamin E
Vitamin E deficiency
Vitamin E requirements
Interactions of Vitamin E with other nutrients
Vitamin K - Human Nutrition
Vitamers - Vitamin K
Dietary sources, bacterial synthesis and metabolism - Vitamin K
Metabolic functions of vitamin K
Vitamin K deficiency and requirements
Toxicity and drug interactions of Vitamin K
Vitamin B1 (thiamin)
Absorption and metabolism of thiamin(Vitamin B1)
Metabolic functions of thiamin(Vitamin B1)
Absorption and metabolism of thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Metabolic functions of thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) requirements
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - Human Nutrition
Absorption and metabolism of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Metabolic functions of the flavin coenzymes
Riboflavin(Vitamin B2) deficiency
Riboflavin(Vitamin B2) requirements
Interactions of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) with drugs and other nutrients
Niacin - Human Nutrition
Vitamers and niacin equivalents
Absorption and metabolism of Niacin
Metabolic functions of niacin
Pellagra: a disease of tryptophan and niacin deficiency
Niacin requirements
Niacin toxicity
Vitamin B6 - Human Nutrition
Vitamers - vitamin B6
Absorption and metabolism of vitamin B6
Metabolic functions of vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 deficiency
Vitamin B6 requirements
Assessment of vitamin B6 status
Non-nutritional uses of vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 toxicity
Vitamin B12 - Human Nutrition
Structure and vitamers - vitamin B12
Absorption and metabolism of vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 deficiency: pernicious anemia
Vitamin B12 requirements
Assessment of vitamin B12 status
Folic acid - Human Nutrition
Vitamers and dietary equivalence - Folic acid
Absorption and metabolism of folate
Metabolic functions of folate
Folate deficiency: megaloblastic anemia
Folate requirements
Assessment of folate status
Drug-nutrient interactions of folate
Folate toxicity
Biotin - Human Nutrition
Absorption and metabolism of biotin
Metabolic functions of biotin
Biotin deficiency and requirements
Pantothenic acid - Human Nutrition
Absorption, metabolism, and metabolic functions of pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid deficiency and safe and adequate levels of intake
Non-nutritional uses of pantothenic acid
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - Human Nutrition
Absorption and metabolism of vitamin C
Metabolic functions of vitamin C
Vitamin C deficiency: scurvy
Vitamin C requirements
Assessment of vitamin C status
Possible benefits of high intakes of vitamin C
Toxicity of vitamin C

Minerals and Trace Elements


Minerals and Trace Elements
Calcium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms
Calcium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions
Magnesium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms
Magnesium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions
Phosphorus: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms
Phosphorus: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions
Sodium and chloride: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms
Sodium and chloride: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions
Potassium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms
Potassium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions
Iron: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms
Iron: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions
Zinc: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms
Zinc: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions
Copper: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms
Copper: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions
Selenium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms
Selenium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions
Iodine: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms
Iodine: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions
Manganese: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms
Manganese: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions
Molybdenum: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms
Molybdenum: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions
Fluoride: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms
Fluoride: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions
Chromium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms
Chromium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions

Measuring Food Intake


Measuring Food Intake
Indirect measurement of food intake
Household-based surveys
Direct measures of food intake
Methods for measuring intake on specified days
Methods for measuring intake over the longer term
Sources of error in dietary studies
Choosing a dietary assessment method
Repeatability and Validity of dietary methods
Biological measures to validate energy and nutrient intake
Evaluation of food intake data
Assessment of dietary adequacy
Assessing food intake
Food safety assessments

Food Composition


Food Composition
Foods - Food Composition
Nutrients, nonnutrients and energy
Information required on sources of data in tables
Overcoming the inadequacies of food composition tables
Nutrient losses and gains during food processing and preparation
Bioavailability and glycemic index
How to calculate a recipe not included in the database
Description of food composition tables and databases and how to retrieve data
Converting foods to nutrients

Food and Nutrition


Reference points in human nutrition
Exploration of dietary patterns
Options to change food and nutrient intakes
Global players in food and nutrition regulation
FAO/WHO and Codex Alimentarius
WTO: Sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade
European Food Safety Authority
EU nutrition and public health

Nutrition Research Methodology


Nutrition Research Methodology
Statistical analysis and experimental design - Nutrition Research Methodology
In vitro studies - Nutrition Research Methodology
Animal models in nutrition research - Nutrition Research Methodology
Human studies - Nutrition Research Methodology
Epidemiological designs - Nutrition Research Methodology

Food Safety


Factors contributing to food safety concerns
Food-borne bacteria
Food-borne viruses
Food-borne parasites
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and food
Chemicals affecting food safety
Food safety control programs

Food and Nutrition Related Diseases


Food and Nutrition-Related Diseases: The Global Challenge
Nutrition-related diseases in developed countries
Nutrition-related diseases in developing countries
HIV/AIDS - Food and Nutrition Related Diseases
Global challenge to address malnutrition



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