| Botany | | Science Tutorial |
Botany
Online Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki and important questions and answers
| Botany | | Science Tutorial |
BIODIVERSITY
=> Taxonomy and Phylogeny => Two Kingdom System of Classification => The Five Kingdom System of Classification => Viruses - Introduction And General characteristics => Viruses : Size, Shape And Structure of a Virus => Classification of virus => Lytic and Lysogenic Life cycle of a phage => Plant viral disease : Bunchy top of banana, HIV, cancer, SARS Virion => A new disease called SARS Virion => Bacteria : Introduction, Occurrence, Size => Classification of bacteria based on the shape and arrangement => Flagellation in Bacteria => Nutrition in Plant Bacteria => Respiration in Plant Bacteria => Reproduction of Bacteria => Harmful activities of Bacteria in Plants, Animal, Human beings => Beneficial Activities of Bacteria => Fungi : Salient and Distinguishing Features, Structure, Nutrition, Saprotrophs => Fungai : Saprotrophs and Parasites => Fungi Symbiosis => Classification of Fungi => Economic importance of Fungi : Useful and Harmful aspects of fungi => Mucor : Occurrence, Reproduction, Somatic structure => Algae : Salient Features, Occurrence and Distribution, Thallus organization => Algae : Cell Structure & Pigmentation => Algea : Arranagement of Flagella => Algea Reproduction : 1. Vegetative 2. Asexual 3. Sexual => Classification of Algea => Economic Importance of Algae - Food, Agriculture, Industry, space travel, Single cell protein, Sewage Disposal => Harmful effects of Algae => Spirogyra : Detail, Occurrence, Structure => Algea : Reproduction => Bryophytes : Salient and Distinguishing features of Bryophytes => Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations => Classification of Bryophyta => Riccia And The structure of mature gametophyte => Reproduction of Riccia => Riccia - Fertilization, Sporophyte Generation => Life cycle of Riccia => Pteridophytes : Salient features and Salient features => Characteristics of Pteridophytes and Economic importance => Morphology of sporophyte => Anatomy of Nephrolepsis => Reproduction of Nephrolepsis => Nephrolepsis : Fertilization => Classification and Characteristic of Spermatophytes(Gymnosperms) => Salient features and Distinguishing features of Gymnosperms => Cycas - Morphology of sporophyte => Anatomy of Cycas => Cycas - ReproductionCELL BIOLOGY
=> A brief history about the discovery of cells => Dynamic nature of cell , Difference Between Plant Cell And Animal cell => Development of Cell Theory And Exception to cell Theory => prokaryotic cell And Ultra structure of a prokaryotic cell => Eukaryotes => Different Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell (Plant Cells) => Light Microscope and Electron Microscope (TEM - Transmission Electron Microscopy & SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope ) => Formation of the cell wall => Structure of the cell wall => Plasmodesmata, pits and Functions of cell wall => Ultra structure of the cell membrane - Fluid mosaic Model, Lipids, Proteins => Functions of plasma membrane => Cell Membrane Transport => List of Plant Cell Organelles => Plant Cell Nucleus And Functions of Plant Cell Nucleus => Plant Cell Mitochondria - Power house of the cell => Plant Cell Plastids - chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts => Plant Cell : Ribosomes => Plant Cell Division - Cell Cycle 1.Amitosis 2.Mitosis 3. Meiosis => Cell Division : Mitotic cell cycle : 1.Prophase 2. Metaphase 3.Anaphase 4. Telophase => Cell Division - Meiosis Cell Cycle : Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and TelophasePLANT MORPHOLOGY
=> Morphology of flowering plants or Angiosperms - short notes => Plant - Root System : Regions of a typical root and General Characteristic features of the root => Types of Root System And Functions of roots => Root Modifications for Taproot, adventitious roots => Characteristic features and Functions of the stem => Modifications of stem : 1. Aerial modifications 2. Sub aerial modifications 3. Under ground modifications => Parts of a Leaf : 1. Leaf base 2. Petiole 3. Lamina => Leaf Venation : Reticulate, Parallel : Pinnately, Palmately => Leaf Modification => Inflorescence : Racemose, Cymose, Mixed and Special types => FLOWER - A Metamorphosed Shoot : Evidences to support that flower is a modified shoot => Description of a flower => Types of Placentation : Axile,Marginal, Parietal, Basal, Superficial Placentation => Androecium And Gynoecium => Plant Aestivation And Types of Aestivation => Corolla : Shape of the petals in the corolla and Forms of Corolla => Calyx : Variations and Duration of calyx => The receptacle (thalamus) : Variation of the Receptacle, Insertion of floral leaves on the thalamus => Parts of a flower => Fruit : Types and Structure of fruit => Simple fleshy fruits : baccate,drupaceous - Berry, Drupe, Hesperidium, Pepo, Pomo => Simple Dry Fruits - .1. Dehiscent 2. Schizocarpic 3. Indehiscent => aggregate and multiple or composite fruits => Structure and Types of Seed => Structure of gram seed => Structure of Maize GrainGENETICS
=> GENETICS : Concept of Heredity and Variation => Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance => Intermediate Inheritance (Incomplete Dominance) => Epistasis - Gene Interaction => Inheritance Laws of Mendel => Biography of Mendel And Mendel's Experiments on Mendel's Laws of InheritancePLANT PHYSIOLOGY
=> Cell as a Physiological Unit => Properties of Protoplasm : The Physical and Chemical Nature => Cell - Water Relations => Cells : Absorption and Movement - Imbibition, Diffusion => Demonstration of Osmosis - Potato Osmoscope => Plasmolysis and Significance of Plasmolysis => Plant Cells : Permeability and Water Potential => Water Transport in Plant => Transpiration Pull Theory in plant water transport => Factors Affecting Rate of Transpiration in Plant => Structure of Stoma and Mechanism of Stomatal Opening and Closing => Factors Affecting Stomatal Movement => Functions of Minerals Nutrition => Hydroponics : Advantages and Disavantagges of Hydroponics => Essential Major Elements and Trace Elements for Plant => Plant Physiological Role and Deficiency Symptoms of Mineral Elements => Theories of Translocation for Plant : Passive absorption and Active Absorption => Plant Physiology : Translocation of Solutes => Plant Physiology : Nitrogen Metabolism => Plant Movements : Movements of locomotion and curvature => Geotropism => Phototropism And Turgor Growth MovementsREPRODUCTION BIOLOGY
=> Reproduction in Angiosperms : Vegetative Propagation => Natural Methods of Vegetative Propagation : Root, Stem, Leaves => Advantages of Vegetative propagation => Artificial Method of Vegetative Propagation : Cuttings, Grafting => Reproduction in Angiosperm : Micropropagation => Self Pollination - Sexual Reproduction : 1. autogamy 2. geitonogamy => Cross Pollination (Xenogamy, Allogamy) - Sexual Reproduction => Development of male and female gametophyte => Development of female gametophyte : Megasporophyll, Megasporangium or ovule, Megasporogenesis => Types of Plant Ovule => Plant Reproduction : Double fertilization => Development of dicot embryo => Parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy => Germination of Seed : Parts of Seed => Process of seed germination => Types of seed germination : Epigeal, Hypogeal germination, Vivipary => Factors necessary for seed gamination => Abscission and Importance of Abscission => senescence : Types, Physiology , Importance of senescenceENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
=> Organisms and their Environment => Organisms : Environmental Climatic Factors => Organisms : Environment : Edaphic Factors => Organisms : Environmental factors - Climatic, Edaphic, Biotic => Relationships among Organisms : Positive and Negative Interactions => Hydrophytes And Classification of Hydrophytes => Morphological and Anatomical adaptations of Hydrophytes => Xerophytes and Classification of Xerophytes => Morphological, Anatomical and Physiological Adaptations of Xerophytes => Mesophytes => natural resources and Types of natural resources => Sources of Energy resources => Conservation of Energy => Forest Resources => Social Forestry and Conservation of Forests => Conservation of Water and Types of Harvesting RainwaterTAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS
=> TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS : Types of classification => Biosystematics nomenclature => Binomial nomenclature => Herbaria and uses, Importance of Herbaria => Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants : Dicotyledonae, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledonae => Merits and Demerits of Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants => DICOT FAMILIES : MALVACEAE - the cotton family => Botanical description of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis => FABACEAE - the bean family => Botanical description and Economical of Clitoria ternatea => RUBIACEAE - the coffee family => Botanical description and Economic Importance of Ixora coccinea => ASTERACEAE - the sunflower family => Botanical description and Economic importance of Tridax procumbens => SOLANACEAE - the potato family => Botanical description and Economic importance of Datura metal => EUPHORBIACEAE - the castor family => Botanical description and Economic importance of Ricinus communis => MUSACEAE - the banana family Systematic position => Botanical description and Economical importance of Musa paradisiaca => ARECACEAE - the palm family => Botanical description and Economic importance of Cocos nuciferaPLANT ANATOMY
=> Classification and Characteristics of meristematic cells => Classification of permanent tissue : Simple and Complex tissue => Permanent Simple tissue Types : parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma => Permanent Complex tissue and Types : Xylem, Phloem => Phloem : Sieve elements, Companion cells, Phloem parenchyma, Phloem fibres => Epidermal tissue system and its functions => Vascular tissue system => Ground or fundamental tissue system => Primary structure of monocotyledonous root - Maize root => Primary structure of dicotyledonous root - Bean root => Primary structure of monocot stem - Maize stem => Primary structure of dicotyledonous stem - Sunflower stem => Anatomy of a dicot leaf - Sunflower leaf => Anatomy of a monocot leaf - Grass leaf => Secondary growth in dicot stemCELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
=> Structure of chromosome => Types of chromosomes => Special types of chromosomes => Gene and genome => Linkage and crossing over => Significance of crossing over and Uses of gene mapping => Recombination of chromosome => Gene mutation : Significance, Classification, Mutagenic agents => Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations => Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations => Hereditary role of DNA - Bacterial transformation => Structure of DNA => Function and Replication of DNA => Structure of RNA and its types => Characteristics of genetic code and Central dogma of molecular biologyBIOTECHNOLOGY
=> Recombinant DNA technology => Gene transfer in plants => How DNA is cut? => Transgenic plants : foreign gene, Transgenic (modified) plants => Practical application of genetic transformation => Use of genetically engineered bacterial strain => Concept of Plant tissue culture => Applications of plant tissue culture => Basic techniques of plant tissue culture => Protoplast fusion : Isolation of protoplast - Mechanical and Enzymatic method => Single cell protein (SCP)PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
=> Enzymes : Classification, Properties of Enzymes => Theories explaining the mechanism of enzyme action => Significance of photosynthesis => Site of photosynthesis => Photochemical and biosynthetic phases, Mechanism of photosynthesis => EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS : 1.Ganong's light screen 2.Test tube and funnel experiment => Plant Mode of nutrition => Chemosynthesis - Chemosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs => Plant Respiration and structure of ATP => Plant Respiration : Glycolysis => Plant Respiration : Krebs cycle and Significance of Krebs cycle => Plant Respiration : Electron transport chain => Plant Respiration : Pentose phosphate pathway => Kuhne's fermentation tube experiment => Plant growth and Measurement of plant growth => auxins and Physiological effects of auxin => Gibberellins and Physiological effects of gibberellin => Physiological effects of cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid => Photoperiodism and vernalizationBIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE
=> BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE : Food production => Plant breeding : Aims, Major Aspects of plant breeding => Plant Breeding : Selection => Plant Breeding : Hybridization, Mutation breeding => Plant breeding : Genetic engineering => Role of biofertilizers and Benefits from biofertilizers => Plant Disease in Rice - Oryza sativa => Plant Tikka disease in Groundnut or peanut - Arachis hypogea => Citrus canker and Tungro disease of rice => Biopesticides and Biocontrol of insect pests => Genetically modified food : Edible, Edible, Edible antibodies => Bio-war => Bio-piracy => Bio-patent => Sustained agriculture => Medicinal plants including microbes => Commonly available medicinal plants and microbes => Economic importance Plants : Food, Rice, Oil, Fibre, Timber yielding plant
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