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Botany
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Botany
Online Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki and important questions and answers
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Botany
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Science Tutorial
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BIODIVERSITY
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Taxonomy and Phylogeny
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Two Kingdom System of Classification
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The Five Kingdom System of Classification
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Viruses - Introduction And General characteristics
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Viruses : Size, Shape And Structure of a Virus
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Classification of virus
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Lytic and Lysogenic Life cycle of a phage
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Plant viral disease : Bunchy top of banana, HIV, cancer, SARS Virion
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A new disease called SARS Virion
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Bacteria : Introduction, Occurrence, Size
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Classification of bacteria based on the shape and arrangement
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Flagellation in Bacteria
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Nutrition in Plant Bacteria
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Respiration in Plant Bacteria
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Reproduction of Bacteria
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Harmful activities of Bacteria in Plants, Animal, Human beings
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Beneficial Activities of Bacteria
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Fungi : Salient and Distinguishing Features, Structure, Nutrition, Saprotrophs
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Fungai : Saprotrophs and Parasites
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Fungi Symbiosis
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Classification of Fungi
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Economic importance of Fungi : Useful and Harmful aspects of fungi
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Mucor : Occurrence, Reproduction, Somatic structure
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Algae : Salient Features, Occurrence and Distribution, Thallus organization
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Algae : Cell Structure & Pigmentation
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Algea : Arranagement of Flagella
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Algea Reproduction : 1. Vegetative 2. Asexual 3. Sexual
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Classification of Algea
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Economic Importance of Algae - Food, Agriculture, Industry, space travel, Single cell protein, Sewage Disposal
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Harmful effects of Algae
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Spirogyra : Detail, Occurrence, Structure
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Algea : Reproduction
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Bryophytes : Salient and Distinguishing features of Bryophytes
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Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations
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Classification of Bryophyta
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Riccia And The structure of mature gametophyte
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Reproduction of Riccia
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Riccia - Fertilization, Sporophyte Generation
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Life cycle of Riccia
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Pteridophytes : Salient features and Salient features
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Characteristics of Pteridophytes and Economic importance
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Morphology of sporophyte
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Anatomy of Nephrolepsis
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Reproduction of Nephrolepsis
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Nephrolepsis : Fertilization
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Classification and Characteristic of Spermatophytes(Gymnosperms)
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Salient features and Distinguishing features of Gymnosperms
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Cycas - Morphology of sporophyte
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Anatomy of Cycas
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Cycas - Reproduction
CELL BIOLOGY
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A brief history about the discovery of cells
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Dynamic nature of cell , Difference Between Plant Cell And Animal cell
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Development of Cell Theory And Exception to cell Theory
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prokaryotic cell And Ultra structure of a prokaryotic cell
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Eukaryotes
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Different Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell (Plant Cells)
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Light Microscope and Electron Microscope (TEM - Transmission Electron Microscopy & SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope )
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Formation of the cell wall
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Structure of the cell wall
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Plasmodesmata, pits and Functions of cell wall
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Ultra structure of the cell membrane - Fluid mosaic Model, Lipids, Proteins
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Functions of plasma membrane
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Cell Membrane Transport
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List of Plant Cell Organelles
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Plant Cell Nucleus And Functions of Plant Cell Nucleus
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Plant Cell Mitochondria - Power house of the cell
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Plant Cell Plastids - chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts
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Plant Cell : Ribosomes
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Plant Cell Division - Cell Cycle 1.Amitosis 2.Mitosis 3. Meiosis
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Cell Division : Mitotic cell cycle : 1.Prophase 2. Metaphase 3.Anaphase 4. Telophase
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Cell Division - Meiosis Cell Cycle : Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase
PLANT MORPHOLOGY
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Morphology of flowering plants or Angiosperms - short notes
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Plant - Root System : Regions of a typical root and General Characteristic features of the root
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Types of Root System And Functions of roots
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Root Modifications for Taproot, adventitious roots
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Characteristic features and Functions of the stem
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Modifications of stem : 1. Aerial modifications 2. Sub aerial modifications 3. Under ground modifications
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Parts of a Leaf : 1. Leaf base 2. Petiole 3. Lamina
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Leaf Venation : Reticulate, Parallel : Pinnately, Palmately
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Leaf Modification
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Inflorescence : Racemose, Cymose, Mixed and Special types
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FLOWER - A Metamorphosed Shoot : Evidences to support that flower is a modified shoot
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Description of a flower
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Types of Placentation : Axile,Marginal, Parietal, Basal, Superficial Placentation
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Androecium And Gynoecium
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Plant Aestivation And Types of Aestivation
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Corolla : Shape of the petals in the corolla and Forms of Corolla
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Calyx : Variations and Duration of calyx
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The receptacle (thalamus) : Variation of the Receptacle, Insertion of floral leaves on the thalamus
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Parts of a flower
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Fruit : Types and Structure of fruit
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Simple fleshy fruits : baccate,drupaceous - Berry, Drupe, Hesperidium, Pepo, Pomo
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Simple Dry Fruits - .1. Dehiscent 2. Schizocarpic 3. Indehiscent
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aggregate and multiple or composite fruits
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Structure and Types of Seed
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Structure of gram seed
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Structure of Maize Grain
GENETICS
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GENETICS : Concept of Heredity and Variation
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Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
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Intermediate Inheritance (Incomplete Dominance)
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Epistasis - Gene Interaction
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Inheritance Laws of Mendel
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Biography of Mendel And Mendel's Experiments on Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
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Cell as a Physiological Unit
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Properties of Protoplasm : The Physical and Chemical Nature
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Cell - Water Relations
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Cells : Absorption and Movement - Imbibition, Diffusion
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Demonstration of Osmosis - Potato Osmoscope
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Plasmolysis and Significance of Plasmolysis
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Plant Cells : Permeability and Water Potential
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Water Transport in Plant
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Transpiration Pull Theory in plant water transport
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Factors Affecting Rate of Transpiration in Plant
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Structure of Stoma and Mechanism of Stomatal Opening and Closing
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Factors Affecting Stomatal Movement
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Functions of Minerals Nutrition
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Hydroponics : Advantages and Disavantagges of Hydroponics
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Essential Major Elements and Trace Elements for Plant
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Plant Physiological Role and Deficiency Symptoms of Mineral Elements
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Theories of Translocation for Plant : Passive absorption and Active Absorption
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Plant Physiology : Translocation of Solutes
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Plant Physiology : Nitrogen Metabolism
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Plant Movements : Movements of locomotion and curvature
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Geotropism
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Phototropism And Turgor Growth Movements
REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY
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Reproduction in Angiosperms : Vegetative Propagation
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Natural Methods of Vegetative Propagation : Root, Stem, Leaves
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Advantages of Vegetative propagation
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Artificial Method of Vegetative Propagation : Cuttings, Grafting
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Reproduction in Angiosperm : Micropropagation
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Self Pollination - Sexual Reproduction : 1. autogamy 2. geitonogamy
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Cross Pollination (Xenogamy, Allogamy) - Sexual Reproduction
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Development of male and female gametophyte
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Development of female gametophyte : Megasporophyll, Megasporangium or ovule, Megasporogenesis
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Types of Plant Ovule
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Plant Reproduction : Double fertilization
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Development of dicot embryo
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Parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy
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Germination of Seed : Parts of Seed
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Process of seed germination
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Types of seed germination : Epigeal, Hypogeal germination, Vivipary
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Factors necessary for seed gamination
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Abscission and Importance of Abscission
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senescence : Types, Physiology , Importance of senescence
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
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Organisms and their Environment
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Organisms : Environmental Climatic Factors
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Organisms : Environment : Edaphic Factors
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Organisms : Environmental factors - Climatic, Edaphic, Biotic
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Relationships among Organisms : Positive and Negative Interactions
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Hydrophytes And Classification of Hydrophytes
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Morphological and Anatomical adaptations of Hydrophytes
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Xerophytes and Classification of Xerophytes
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Morphological, Anatomical and Physiological Adaptations of Xerophytes
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Mesophytes
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natural resources and Types of natural resources
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Sources of Energy resources
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Conservation of Energy
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Forest Resources
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Social Forestry and Conservation of Forests
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Conservation of Water and Types of Harvesting Rainwater
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS
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TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS : Types of classification
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Biosystematics nomenclature
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Binomial nomenclature
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Herbaria and uses, Importance of Herbaria
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Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants : Dicotyledonae, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledonae
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Merits and Demerits of Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants
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DICOT FAMILIES : MALVACEAE - the cotton family
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Botanical description of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
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FABACEAE - the bean family
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Botanical description and Economical of Clitoria ternatea
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RUBIACEAE - the coffee family
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Botanical description and Economic Importance of Ixora coccinea
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ASTERACEAE - the sunflower family
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Botanical description and Economic importance of Tridax procumbens
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SOLANACEAE - the potato family
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Botanical description and Economic importance of Datura metal
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EUPHORBIACEAE - the castor family
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Botanical description and Economic importance of Ricinus communis
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MUSACEAE - the banana family Systematic position
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Botanical description and Economical importance of Musa paradisiaca
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ARECACEAE - the palm family
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Botanical description and Economic importance of Cocos nucifera
PLANT ANATOMY
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Classification and Characteristics of meristematic cells
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Classification of permanent tissue : Simple and Complex tissue
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Permanent Simple tissue Types : parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma
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Permanent Complex tissue and Types : Xylem, Phloem
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Phloem : Sieve elements, Companion cells, Phloem parenchyma, Phloem fibres
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Epidermal tissue system and its functions
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Vascular tissue system
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Ground or fundamental tissue system
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Primary structure of monocotyledonous root - Maize root
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Primary structure of dicotyledonous root - Bean root
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Primary structure of monocot stem - Maize stem
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Primary structure of dicotyledonous stem - Sunflower stem
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Anatomy of a dicot leaf - Sunflower leaf
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Anatomy of a monocot leaf - Grass leaf
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Secondary growth in dicot stem
CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
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Structure of chromosome
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Types of chromosomes
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Special types of chromosomes
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Gene and genome
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Linkage and crossing over
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Significance of crossing over and Uses of gene mapping
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Recombination of chromosome
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Gene mutation : Significance, Classification, Mutagenic agents
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Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations
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Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations
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Hereditary role of DNA - Bacterial transformation
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Structure of DNA
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Function and Replication of DNA
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Structure of RNA and its types
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Characteristics of genetic code and Central dogma of molecular biology
BIOTECHNOLOGY
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Recombinant DNA technology
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Gene transfer in plants
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How DNA is cut?
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Transgenic plants : foreign gene, Transgenic (modified) plants
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Practical application of genetic transformation
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Use of genetically engineered bacterial strain
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Concept of Plant tissue culture
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Applications of plant tissue culture
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Basic techniques of plant tissue culture
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Protoplast fusion : Isolation of protoplast - Mechanical and Enzymatic method
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Single cell protein (SCP)
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
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Enzymes : Classification, Properties of Enzymes
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Theories explaining the mechanism of enzyme action
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Significance of photosynthesis
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Site of photosynthesis
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Photochemical and biosynthetic phases, Mechanism of photosynthesis
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EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS : 1.Ganong's light screen 2.Test tube and funnel experiment
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Plant Mode of nutrition
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Chemosynthesis - Chemosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs
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Plant Respiration and structure of ATP
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Plant Respiration : Glycolysis
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Plant Respiration : Krebs cycle and Significance of Krebs cycle
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Plant Respiration : Electron transport chain
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Plant Respiration : Pentose phosphate pathway
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Kuhne's fermentation tube experiment
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Plant growth and Measurement of plant growth
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auxins and Physiological effects of auxin
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Gibberellins and Physiological effects of gibberellin
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Physiological effects of cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid
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Photoperiodism and vernalization
BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE
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BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE : Food production
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Plant breeding : Aims, Major Aspects of plant breeding
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Plant Breeding : Selection
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Plant Breeding : Hybridization, Mutation breeding
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Plant breeding : Genetic engineering
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Role of biofertilizers and Benefits from biofertilizers
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Plant Disease in Rice - Oryza sativa
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Plant Tikka disease in Groundnut or peanut - Arachis hypogea
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Citrus canker and Tungro disease of rice
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Biopesticides and Biocontrol of insect pests
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Genetically modified food : Edible, Edible, Edible antibodies
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Bio-war
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Bio-piracy
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Bio-patent
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Sustained agriculture
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Medicinal plants including microbes
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Commonly available medicinal plants and microbes
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Economic importance Plants : Food, Rice, Oil, Fibre, Timber yielding plant
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