Fluids
A fluid is a substance that can flow when external force is applied on it. The term fluids include both liquids and gases. Though liquids and gases are termed as fluids, there are marked differences between them. For example, gases are compressible whereas liquids are nearly incompressible. We only use those properties of liquids and gases, which are linked with their ability to flow, while discussing the mechanics of fluids.
Pressure due to a liquid column
Let h be the height of the
liquid column in a cylinder of cross sectional area A. If ρ is the density of
the liquid, then weight of the liquid column W is given by
W = mass of liquid column × g
= Ahρg
By definition, pressure is
the force acting per unit area
∴ Pressure = weight of liquid column /
area of cross section
= Ah g / A
= hρg
Pascal's law
One of the most important
facts about fluid pressure is that a change in pressure at one part of the
liquid will be transmitted without any change to other parts. This was put
forward by Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662), a French mathematician and physicist. This
rule is known as Pascal's law.
Pascal's law states that if
the effect of gravity can be neglected then the pressure in a fluid in
equilibrium is the same everywhere.
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