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Definition, Types, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis, management - Renal Stone/Renal Calculi / Urolithiasis | 12th Nursing : Chapter 2 : Medical Surgical and Applied Nursing Management Psychology of Human Diseases

Chapter: 12th Nursing : Chapter 2 : Medical Surgical and Applied Nursing Management Psychology of Human Diseases

Renal Stone/Renal Calculi / Urolithiasis

Urolithiasis refers to the presence of stone (Calculi) in the urinary tract.

Renal Stone/Renal Calculi / Urolithiasis

A stone is a hard, solid mass that can form in the gallbladder, bladder, and kidneys. Kidney stones usually originate in kidneys.

 

Definition

Urolithiasis refers to the presence of stone (Calculi) in the urinary tract.

Incidence

It is associated with urinary tract infection.

Commonly seen between the age of 20 and 55yrs.

 

Types of kidney stones

               Calcium stones: Are the most common type made of calcium and oxalate.35-40%

               Cystine stones: Are very rare 1-2%

               Uric acid stones: Formed when urine is too acidic.5-8%

               Struvite stones: Can happen when there is urinary tract infections.10-15%

               Upper urinary tract stones: That involve the renal pelvis and extend into at least 2 calyces are classified as staghorn calculi


 

Causes

               Genetic factors-- family history of kidney stones

               Previous history of kidney stone.

               Certain medications

               Infection

               Urinary stasis

               Hyper Calcemia

               Hypercalcuria

               Diets that are high in protein and sodium but low in calcium

               Sedentary lifestyle, obesity, pressure, immobility

               Dehydration

               Warm climate

 

Signs and Symptoms

               Severe pain and is called renal colic.

               Flank pain

               Haematuria

               Obstruction

               Infection

               Edema

               Pyuria

               Nausea and vomiting

               Fever with chills

               Frequent urination

               Urinating small amounts of urine

               Increased urge to urinate

 

Diagnosis

               Health history

               Physical examination.

               24 hour urine test

               Urography.

               Blood tests for calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, electrolytes, urea and nitrogen

               Urinalysis to check for crystals, bacteria, blood, and white cells

               Examination of passed stones to determine the type

               KUB X-rays

               Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)

               Ultrasound of the kidney

               MRI of the abdomen and kidneys

               Abdominal CT scan

 

Management

Medical management

               Antispasmodic drug-relieves colic pain

               Antibiotics-prevents infection

               Narcotics-relieves pain

Surgical management

               Cystoscopy: Scopic removal of stones

               Lithotripsy-Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) uses sound waves to break up large stones into smaller pieces and they pass through the ureters in to the bladder.

               Nephrectomy

               Ureterolithotomy

Nursing Management

               Increase the fluid intake of 3000 ml/day

               Encourage Urination at frequent intervals

               Avoid stone-forming foods like Beets, chocolate, spinach and colas

 

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12th Nursing : Chapter 2 : Medical Surgical and Applied Nursing Management Psychology of Human Diseases : Renal Stone/Renal Calculi / Urolithiasis | Definition, Types, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis, management

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12th Nursing : Chapter 2 : Medical Surgical and Applied Nursing Management Psychology of Human Diseases


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