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Definition, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis, management - Acute Renal Failure | 12th Nursing : Chapter 2 : Medical Surgical and Applied Nursing Management Psychology of Human Diseases

Chapter: 12th Nursing : Chapter 2 : Medical Surgical and Applied Nursing Management Psychology of Human Diseases

Acute Renal Failure

Acute Renal Failure –is a sudden and almost complete loss of kidney function caused by failure of the renal circulation or by glomerular or tubular dysfunction

Acute Renal Failure

Definition

Acute Renal Failure –is a sudden and almost complete loss of kidney function caused by failure of the renal circulation or by glomerular or tubular dysfunction

Causes of ARF

               Pre-renal (60-70 % )

               Volume Depletion

               Hemorrhage

               Renal losses

               Sepsis

               Cardiac failure

               Anaphylaxis

Intra renal (5-10%)

               Pigment Nephropathy

               Myoglobinuria

               Hemoglobinuria

               Nephrotoxic agents

Post-renal (20-40% cases)

               Urinary tract obstruction

               Calculi

               Tumors in lower urinary tract

People in risk

               Being hospitalized especially for a serious condition that requires intensive care

               Advanced age

Post-renal (20-40% cases)

               Urinary tract obstruction

               Calculi

               Tumors in lower urinary tract

People in risk

               Being hospitalized especially for a serious condition that requires intensive care

               Advanced age

               Blockages in the blood vessels in arms or legs

               Diabetes

               High blood pressure

               Heart failure

               Kidney diseases

               Liver disease

 

Signs and Symptoms of ARF

               Oliguria - Urine output less than 400ml/ day

               Anuria - Urine output less than 100ml/day

               Increased BUN creatinine

               Hyper Kalemia

               Metabolic acidosis

               Edema

               Mental changes

               Heart failure

               Nausea, vomiting

               Pruritus

 

Diagnosis

               History of underlying cause

               Blood- Increased potassium, BUN, Creatinine

               Urine: decreased volume and specific gravity is fixed or increased

               Renal ultrasound, renal scan, renal biopsy, CT scan or MRI, KUB X-ray, Retrograde pyelogram.

 

Management

               Removal of the underlying cause

               Diuretics

               Fluid restriction (600 ml plus previous day output) Calcium supplements or phosphate binding agents

               Nutritional therapy

               -Protein intake 0.6/kg/day

               -Potassium restriction

               -sodium restriction

               -Calorie intake 30 to 35 kcal/day/kg body weight

               -Dialysis

 


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12th Nursing : Chapter 2 : Medical Surgical and Applied Nursing Management Psychology of Human Diseases : Acute Renal Failure | Definition, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis, management

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12th Nursing : Chapter 2 : Medical Surgical and Applied Nursing Management Psychology of Human Diseases


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