Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disease where increased bone weakness increases the risk of breakage of bone. Osteoporosis literally leads to abnormally porous bone that is compressible, like a sponge. It is the most common reason for a broken bone among the elderly. The most common site include the vertebrae in the spine, the bones of the forearm, and the hip.

Definition

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in fragile bones.

Causes

·              Genetic factor

·              Vitamin D and Deficiency factor

·              Post Menopausal women but may also occur in men

·              Chronic illness e.g. Malabsorption syndromes and Renal failures

·              Chemotherapy such as Cortico steroids

·              Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption

·              Lack of exercise

·              Body type- small frame / short stature, low body fat.

Signs and Symptoms

·              Asymptomatic until later stages

·              Fracture after minor trauma may be first indications

·               Most frequent fractures associated with Osteoporosis include fractures of the distilled radius, spinal vertebrae, humorous pelvis

·              May have vague complaints related to aging process (Stiffness pain, weakness)

·              Estrogen deficiency may be noted.

Diagnosis

·              X-ray

·              Scan to measure Bone Mineral Density (BMD).

·              Bone density scanning uses a type of X-ray technology known as Dual-Energy-X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) and bone densitometry.

·              Serum Calcium phosphate

·              Serum bone matrix Glaprotein is elevated.

·              Bone biopsy shows thin porous.

Nursing Management

·              Adequate intake of calcium and Vitamin D.

·              Major food sources are dairy products egg yolks, fish and liver.

·              Weight bearing exercise

·              Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

·              Prevention of falls.

·              Encourage exercise for all age groups.

·              Provide dietary education for daily intake of calcium and Vitamin D.

·              Encourage young woman at risk to maximize bone mass through nutrition and exercise.

Complications

·              Fractures

·              Kyphosis, loss of height

·               Chronic back pain