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Chapter: Artificial Intelligence

Areas and Task Domain of Artificial Intelligence(AI)

Machine Vision: It is easy to interface a TV camera to a computer and get an image into memory; the problem is understandingwhat the image represents.

TASK DOMAIN OF AI

 

Areas of Artificial Intelligence

 

- Perception

 

·       Machine Vision: It is easy to interface a TV camera to a computer and get an image into memory; the problem is understandingwhat the image represents. Vision takes lots of computation; in humans, roughly 10% of all calories consumed are burned in vision computation.

 

·       Speech Understanding: Speech understanding is available now. Some systems must be trained for the individual user and require pauses between words. Understanding continuous speech with a larger vocabulary is harder.

 

·       Touch(tactile or haptic) Sensation: Important for robot assembly tasks.

 

-  Robotics Although industrial robots have been expensive, robot hardware can be cheap: Radio Shack has sold a working robot arm and hand for $15. The limiting factor in application of robotics is not the cost of the robot hardware itself. What is needed is perception and intelligence to tell the robot what to do; ``blind'' robots are limited to very well-structured tasks (like spray painting car bodies).

 

-   Planning Planning attempts to order actions to achieve goals. Planning applications include logistics, manufacturing scheduling, planning manufacturing steps to construct a desired product. There are huge amounts of money to be saved through better planning.

 

-  Expert Systems Expert Systems attempt to capture the knowledge of a human expert and make it available through a computer program. There have been many successful and economically valuable applications of expert systems. Expert systems provide the following benefits

• Reducing skill level needed to operate complex de vices.

 

• Diagnostic advice for device repair.

 

• Interpretation of complex data.

 

• ``Cloning'' of scarce expertise.

 

• Capturing knowledge of expert who is about to ret ire.

 

• Combining knowledge of multiple experts.

 

- Theorem Proving Proving mathematical theorems might seem to be mainly of academic interest. However, many practical problems can be cast in terms of theorems. A general theorem prover can therefore be widely applicable.

Examples:

•  Automatic construction of compiler code generators from a description of a CPU's instruction set.

 

•  J Moore and colleagues proved correctness of the floating-point division algorithm on AMD CPU chip.

- Symbolic Mathematics Symbolic mathematics refers to manipulation of formulas, rather than arithmetic on numeric values.

•  Algebra

 

•  Differential and Integral Calculus

 

 

Symbolic manipulation is often used in conjunction with ordinary scientific computation as a generator of programs used to actually do the calculations. Symbolic manipulation programs are an important component of scientific and engineering workstations.

 

- Game Playing Games are good vehicles for research because they are well formalized, small, and self-contained. They are therefore easily programmed. Games can be good models of competitive situations, so principles discovered in game-playing programs may be applicable to practical problems.

 


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