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Chapter: 12th Maths : UNIT 11 : Probability Distributions

Summary

Maths : Probability Distributions: Summary

SUMMARY

• A random variable X is a function defined on a sample space S into the real numbers  such that the inverse image of points or subset or interval of is an event in S, for which probability is assigned.

• A random variable X is defined on a sample space S into the real numbers is called discrete random variable if the range of X is countable, that is, it can assume only a finite or countably infinite number of values, where every value in the set S has positive probability with total one.

• If X is a discrete random variable with discrete values x1, x2, x3,... xn..., then the function denoted by f(.) or p(.) and defined by f(xk) = P(X = xk) for k = 1,2,3,...n,... is called the probability mass function of X

• The function f(x) is a probability mass function if

(i) f(xk) ≥ 0 for k = 1,2,3,...n,... and (ii) k f (xk ) = 1

• The cumulative distribution function F(x) of a discrete random variable X, taking the values x1, x2, x3,... such that x1 < x2 < x3 < with probability mass function f(xi) is

F (x) = P(X x) = xi≤x f (xi ), x ∈ ℝ

• Suppose X is a discrete random variable taking the values x1, x2, x3,... such that x1 < x2 < x3,... and F(xi) is the distribution function. Then the probability mass function f(xi) is given by f(xi) = F(xi) – F(xi1), i = 1,2,3, ...

• Let S be a sample space and let a random variable X : S → that takes any value in a set I of . Then X is called a continuous random variable if P(X = x) = 0 for every x in I.

• A non-negative real valued function f(x) is said to be a probability density function if, for each possible outcome x, x [a,b] of a continuous random variable X having the property.

P(a x b) = ba f (x) dx

• Suppose F(x) is the distribution function of a continuous random variable X. Then the

probability density function f(x) is given by

 f(x) = dF(x) / dx = F(x) , whenever derivative exists.

• Suppose X is a random variable with probability mass or density function f(x) The expected value or mean or mathematical expectation of X, denoted by E(x) or μ is


• The variance of the random variable X denoted by V(X) or σ2 (or σx2) is

V(X) = E(X – E(X))2 = E(X – μ)2

Properties of Mathematical expectation and variance

(i) E(aX + b) = aE(X) + b,

where a and b are constants

Corollary 1: E(aX) = aE(X)

  ( when b = 0)

Corollary 2: E(b) = b

(when a = 0)

(ii) Var(X) = E(X2) – (E(X))2

(iii) Var(aX + b) = a2Var(X) where a and b are constants

Corollary 3: V(aX ) = a2V(X) (when b = 0)

Corollary 4: V(b) = 0 (when a = 0)

• Let X be a random variable associated with a Bernoulli trial by defining it as X (success) = 1 and X (failure) = 0, such that


• X is called a Bernoulli random variable and f(x) is called the Bernoulli distribution.

• If X is a Bernoulli’s random variable which follows Bernoulli distribution with parameter p, the mean μ and variance σ 2 are

 μ=p and  σ2 = pq

• A discrete random variable X is called binomial random variable, if X is the number of successes in n-repeated trials such that

(i) The n- repeated trials are independent and n is finite

(ii) Each trial results only two possible outcomes, labelled as ‘success’ or ‘failure’

(iii) The probability of a success in each trial, denoted as p, remains constant

• The binomial random variable X equals the number of successes with probability p for a success and q = 1 – p for a failure in n-independent trials, has a binomial distribution denoted by X ~ B(n, p). The probability mass function of X is f (x) =  px (1 p)n x , x = 0,1, 2,..., n.

• If X is a binomial random variable which follows binomial distribution with parameters p and n, the mean μ and variance σ2 are μ = np and σ2 = np(1 – p).

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