Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method

ISOLATION OF NOBLE GASES

The noble gases are isolated from air by removing oxygen and nitrogen from air free from carbon-di-oxide, water vapour, dust particles, etc., This can be accomplished by either chemical methods or physical methods. In the chemical method, the unwanted gases are removed by means of compound formation while in the physical method, these are removed by the fractional evaporation of liquid air.

CHEMICAL METHOD

The first step in this method is to isolate the noble gases mixed together, from the atmosphere by passing repeated electric sparks in air so as to remove nitrogen and oxygen as nitrogen dioxide (N2 + 2O2 ® 2NO2 ). The second step

is to separate the various constituents from one another taking advantage of the fact that they can be adsorbed on activated charcoal at different temperatures.

Step 1 Removal of oxygen and nitrogen of the atmosphere as Nitrogen dioxide

Ramsay - Raleigh's method:- A mixture of air and oxygen is constantly admitted into a glass globe of about 50 litres capacity. Two platinum electrodes are introduced and a discharge from a transformer of about 6000 - 8000 volts is passed by the action of which nitrogen and oxygen rapidly combine to form oxides of nitrogen. The oxides are dissolved out in a solution of sodium hydroxide continuously circulated through the flask.

N2+ O2    ® 2 NO

2 NO + O2 ® 2NO2

2NO2 + 2NaOH ® NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O

Oxygen if any is removed by introducing alkaline pyrogallol in the globe.

The supply of air and electric discharge is shut after some time and the remaining mixture of noble gases is pumped out.

Step 2 Separation of noble gases (DEWAR'S METHOD)

The mixture of noble gases obtained by the above method is separated into individual constituents by the use of coconut charcoal which adsorbs different gases at different temperatures.

The mixture of noble gases is passed into a double-walled bulb containing  coconut charcoal and placed in a low temperature bath at 173K. It is allowed to remain in contact with the charcoal for about half an hour. At 173K, only argon,

krypton and xenon are adsorbed by the charcoal while helium and neon remain unadsorbed. These are pumped out and collected.

The mixture of helium and neon is kept in contact with coconut charcoal at  93K which completely adsorbs neon leaving free helium.

The charcoal at 173K containing argon, krypton and xenon is placed in  contact with another charcoal at the temperature of the liquid air when argon  diffuse into the other charcoal.

The temperature of the first charcoal (temp.173K) still containing krypton and xenon is raised to 183K when krypton is set free while xenon remain adsorbed in the charcoal. When it is heated, xenon is recovered.