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Chapter: Medicine Study Notes : Neuro-sensory

Tumours

Can occur on the iris, ciliary body, choroids

Tumours

 

·        Can occur on the iris, ciliary body, choroids


Malignant Melanoma of the Choroid

 

·        Presentation: elderly, usually white, visual loss from retinal detachment or incidental

·        Retinal appearance: light to darkly pigmented ovoid, elevated mass.  Many variants

·        2nd most common site of melanoma after the skin

·        Prognosis depends on cell type (Spindle A, Spindle B, Epithelioid or Mixed) and Stage. Overall 50% at 15 years

 

Retinoblastoma

 

·        Life threatening

·        1:20,000 live births.  First few years of life

·        Types:

o  60% sporadic

o  40% familial (90% bilateral and/or multifocal)

·        Presentation: strabismus (squint), „white‟ patches on papillary/red reflex (leukocoria), red eye

·        Pathogenesis:

 

o  Due to variety of mutations in the tumour suppressor gene RB1 at 13q14 – inactivated a protein which down regulates cell growth

 

o  Need both alleles to be mutated to cause cancer. Hereditary neuroblastoma = inherit one defective gene from parent, with other allele in one cell undergoing spontaneous mutation. If non-hereditary, need to acquire mutations to both alleles in one cell

 

·        Gross appearance: flat, elevated, diffuse, multicentric pale tumour nodules of plaques

·        Microscopic appearance: small round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, rosettes are characteristic, areas of necrosis and calcification

·        Treatment: remove eye

·        Complications:

o  Metastasis eg in CNS.  From occurrence in eye to spreading down the optic track is ~ 6 months 

o  Survivors have a 20% chance of developing malignant tumours at 10 years: osteosarcoma or rhabdomyosarcoma

·        Prognosis: 90% 5-year survival (less if optic nerve invasion).

 

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Medicine Study Notes : Neuro-sensory : Tumours |


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