Plant Physiology (Functional Organisation)
Respiration
6. What are enzymes involved in phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions in EMP pathway?
i) Enzymes involved in
phosphorylation are
a)
Hexokinase and phosphofructio kinase.
(ii) Enzymes involved in
dephosphorylation are
a)
Phosphoglycerate Kinase
b)
Pyruvate Kinase
7. Respiratory quotient is zero in succulent plants. Why?
Respiratory
quotient is zero in succulent plants like opuntia, Bryophyllum carbohydrate are
partially oxidised to organic to acid, particularyl malic acid without
corresponding release of CO2 but O2 is consumed hence the
RQ value will be zero
2C6H12O6
[Glucose] + 3O2
→ 3C4H6O5 [Malic acid] + 3H2O
+ Energy
R.Q.
of glucose in succulents = [ Zero molecule of CO2 ] / [ 3 molecules
of O2 ]
=
O (zero)
8. Explain the reactions taking place in mitochondrial inner membrane.
Electron
and hydrogen (proton) transport takes place across four multiprotein complexes
(I-IV). They are.
1. Complex-I (NADH
dehydrogenase).
It
contains a flavoprotein (FMN) and associated with non-heme iron Sulphur protein
(Fe-S). This complex is responsible for passing electrons and protons from
mitochondrial NADH (Internal) to Ubiquinone (UQ).
NADH
+ H+ + UQ ↔ NAD+ +
UQH2
2. In plants, an
additional NADH dehydrogenase (External) complex is present on the outer
surface of inner membrane of mitochondria which can oxidise cytosolic NADH + H+.
Ubiquinone
(UQ) or Coenzyme Quinone (Co Q) is a small, lipid soluble electron, proton
carrier located within the inner membrane of mitochondria).
3. Complex-II (succinic
dehydrogenase) It contains FAD flavoprotein is associated with
non-heme iron Sulphur (Fe-S) protein. This complex receives electrons and
protons from succinate in Kerbs cycle and is converted into fumarate and passes
to ubiquinone.
Succinate
+ UQ → Fumarate + UQH2
4. Complex-III (Cytochrome bc1
complex) This complex oxidises reduced ubiquinone (ubiquinol) and
transfers the electrons through Cytochrome bc1 Complex (Iron Sulphur
center bc1 complex) to cytochrome c.
UQH2
+ 2Cyt c oxidized
↑↓
UQ
+ 2Cyt creduced + 2H+
5. Complex IV (Cytochrome c
oxidase) Complex IV is the terminal oxidase and brings about the
reduction of 1/2 O2 to H2O. Two protons are needed to
form a molecule of H2O (terminal oxidation).
2Cyt
coxidized + 2H+ + 1/2 O2
↑↓
2Cyt
creduced + H2O
9. What is the name of alternate way of glucose breakdown? Explain the process involved in it?
•
Pentose phosphate pathway is the alternate pathway for breakdown of glucose.
•
Pentose phosphate pathway was described by warburg, Dickens and Lipmann (1938).
•
It is also known as Hexose mono phosphate shunt (HMP shunt) or Direct oxidative
phase and non - oxidative phase.
•
The oxidative phase convert six molecules of six carbon Glucose 6 phosphate to
6 molecules of five carbon sugar Ribulose - 5 Phosphate with loss of 6CO2
and generation of 12 NADPH + H+
•
Non oxidative pathway convert Ribulose - 5 - phosphate molecules to various
intermediates such as
Ribose
- 5 - phosphate (5C)
Xylulose
- 5 - phosphate (5C)
Glyceraldehyde
- 3 - phosphate (3C)
Sedoheptulose
- 7 - phosphate (7C) and
Erythrose
– 4 – phosphate (4C)
•
Finally five molecules of glucose 6 -phosphate is regenerated
6
x Glucose - 6 - phosphate + 12NADP+ + 6H2O
↓
5
x glucose - 6 - phosphate + 6CO2 + Pi + 12 NADPH + 2H+
The
net result of complete oxidation of one glucose - 6 - phosphate yield 6CO2
and 12 NADPH + H+. The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is
controlled by glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme which is inhibited
by high ratio of NADPH to NADP+.
10. How will you calculate net products of one sucrose molecule upon complete oxidation during aerobic respiration as per recent view?
Sucrose
is dissacharide it will convert into glucose and fructose. In glycolysis both
will give glyceraldehyde - 3 phosphate that undergo further process of
respiration to yield 36 ATPS. So Net products of one sucrose molecule during
aerobic respiration will yield 72 ATP.
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