Conservation of plant genetic resources
Germplasm conservation refers to the conservation of living
genetic resources like pollen, seeds or tissue of plant material maintained for
the purpose of selective plant breeding, preservation in live condition and
used for many research works.
Germplasm conservation resources is a part of collection of seeds
and pollen that are stored in seed or pollen banks, so as to maintain their
viability and fertility for any later use such as hybridization and crop
improvement.
Germplasm conservation may also involve a gene bank, DNA bank of
elite breeding lines of plant resources for the maintenance of biological
diversity and also for food security.
Cryopreservation, also known as Cryo -conservation, is a process
by which protoplasts, cells, tissues,organelles, organs, Figure 5.16: Cryopreservation
extracellular matrix, enzymes or any other biological materials are
subjected to preservation by cooling to very low temperature of –196°C using liquid nitrogen.
At this extreme low temperature any enzymatic or chemical activity of the
biological material will be totally stopped and this leads to preservation of
material in dormant status. Later these materials can be activated by bringing
to room temperature slowly for any experimental work.
Protective agents like dimethyl sulphoxide, glycerol or sucrose
are added before cryopreservation process. These protective agents are called
cryoprotectants, since they protect the cells, or tissues from the stress of
freezing temperature.
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