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Chapter: 12th Botany : Chapter 4 : Principles and Processes of Biotechnology

Glossary

Botany : Principles and Processes of Biotechnology : Glossary

Botany : Principles and Processes of Biotechnology

Glossary

 

3’ Hydroxy end: The hydroxyl group attached to 3’ carbon atom of sugar of the terminal nucleotide of a nucleic acid.

 

Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC): A cloning vector for isolation of genomic DNA constructed on the basis of F-factor.

 

Chimeric DNA: A recombinant DNA molecule containing unrelated genes.

 

Cleave: To break phosphodiester bonds of dsDNA, usually with a restriction enzyme.

 

Cloning site: A location on a cloning vector into which DNA can be inserted.

 

Cloning: Incorporation of a DNA molecule into a chromosomal site or a cloning vector.

 

Cloning Vector: A small, self-replicating DNA inserted in a cloning gene.

 

COS sites: The 12-base, single strand, complementary extension of phage lambda (l) DNA.

 

DNA Polymerase: An enzyme that catalyses the phosphodiester bond in the formation of DNA.

 

Endonucleases: An enzyme that catalyses the cleavage of DNA at internal position, cutting DNA at specific sites.

 

Genome: The entire complement of genetic material of an organism.

 

Insert DNA: A DNA molecule incorporated into a cloning vector.

 

Ligase: An enzyme used in genetic engineering experiment to join the cut ends of dsDNA.

 

M-13: AssDNA bacteriophage used as vector for DNA sequencing.

 

Phagemid: A cloning vector that contains components derived from both phage DNA and plasmid.

 

Plasmid: Extrachromosomal, self-replicating, circular dsDNA containing some non-essential genes.

 

Restriction map: A linear array of sites on DNA cleaved by various restriction enzymes.

 

Shuttle Vector: A plasmid cloning vector that can replicate in two different organisms due to the presence of two different origin of replication OriEUK and OriE. coli

 

Taq polymerase: A heat stable DNA polymerase isolated from a thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus.

 

Vectors: Vehicles for transferring DNA from one cell to another.

 

Biofuel: Fuels like hydrogen, ethanol and methanol produced from a biological source by the action of microorganisms.

 

Bioleaching: Process of using microorganisms to recover metals from their ores or contaminant environment

 

Bioremediation: Process of using organisms to remove or reduce pollutants from the environment.

 

Green Technology: Pollution-free technology in which pollution is controlled at source.

 

Phytoremediation: Use of certain plants to remove contaminants or pollutants from the environment (soil, water or air).

 

Recombinant: Cell / Organism formed by a recombination of genes.

 

Transformation: Process of transferring a foreign DNA into a cell and changing its genome.

 

Vector: Agent used in recombinant DNA technique to carry new genes into foreign cells.

 

Wild Type: Natural form of organisms.

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