Type concept
ICN’s second principle states that a specimen must
be associated with the scientific name known as nomenclatural type. A
nomenclatural type is either a
specimen or may be an illustration. Example: Herbarium sheet for vascular
plants.
There are different nomenclatural types.
Holotype : A
specimen or illustration originally
cited by the author in protologue. It is a definitive reference source for
identity. Citation of holotype and submission of it is one of the criteria for
valid publication of a botanical name.
Isotype:
Duplicate specimen of the holotype
collected from same population by same person on same date with same field
number. They are the reliable duplicates of holotype and may be distributed to
various herbaria of various regions.
Lectotype: Specimen selected from original material serves as a type, when no holotype was designated at the time of publications or if holotype is missing or destroyed.
Syntype: When
more than one specimen cited by the
author in the protologue without designating holotype.
Neotype:
Specimen derived from non-original collection selected as the type, when
original specimen is missing or destroyed.
Paratype:
Specimen cited in the protologue is
other than holotype, isotype or syntype.
Epitype:
Specimen or illustration serves as
an interpretive type, when holotype, neotype or lectotype is ambiguous.
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