Presidential Form of Government
The Presidential Form Of Government is also known
as non-responsible or non-parliamentary or fixed executive system of government
basically built on the principle of separation of power, and is prevalent in
USA, Brazil, Russia, Sri Lanka among others.
The American President is both the head of the
State and the head of government. As the head of State, he occupies a
ceremonial position. As the head of government, he leads the executive organ of
government.
The President is elected by an electoral college
for a fixed tenure of four years. He cannot be removed by the Congress except
by impeachment for a grave unconstitutional act.
The President governs with the help of a cabinet or
a smaller body called ‘Kitchen Cabinet’. It is only an advisory body and
consists of non-elected departental secretaries. They are selected and
appointed by him, are responsible only
to him, and can be removed by him any time.
The President and his secretaries are not
responsible to the Congress for their acts. They neither possess membership in
the Congress nor attend its sessions.
The President cannot dissolve the House of
Representatives—the lower house of the Congress.
The doctrine of separation of powers is the basis
of the American presidential system. The legislative, executive and judicial
powers of the government are separated and vested in the three independent
organs of the government.
The report is devoted to the role and effectiveness
of the state: what it should do, how it should do it, and how it can improve in
a rapidly changing world. Governments with both centrally-planned and mixed
economies are shrinking their market role because of failed state
interventions.
This report takes an opposite stance: that state’s
role in the institutional environment underlying the economy, that is, its
ability to enforce a rule of law to underpin transactions, is vital to making
government contribute more effectively to development. It argues against
reducing government to a minimalist state, explaining that development requires
an effective state that plays a facilitator role in encouraging and
complementing the activities of private businesses and individuals.
The report presents a state reform framework
strategy: First, focus the state’s activities to match its capabilities; and second,
look for ways to improve the state’s capability by re-invigorating public
institutions.
According to this report, five fundamental tasks
are core of every government’s mission, without which sustainable, shared and
poverty reducing development is impossible.
They are…
1. Establishing
a foundation of law
2. Maintaining
macroeconomic stability
3. Investing
in basic social services and infrastructure
4. Protecting
the vulnerable
5.Protecting the environment
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