SPACE SEGMENT
AND LINK DESIGN
1. Give the two segments of basic
satellite communication.
a.
Earth segment (or) ground segment
b.
Space segment
2. Write short notes on attitude
control system.
It
is the system that achieves and maintains the required attitudes. The main
functions of attitude control system include maintaining accurate satellite
position throughout the life span of the system.
3. What is declination?
The
angle of tilt is often referred to as the declination which must not be
confused with the magnetic declination used in correcting compass readings.
4. What is meant by payload?
It
refers to the equipment used to provide the service for which the satellite has
been launched.
5. What is meant by transponder?
In
a communication satellite, the equipment which provides the connecting link
between the satellite’s transmit and receive antennas is referred to as the
transponder.
6. Write short notes on station
keeping.
It
is the process of maintenance of satellite’s attitude against different factors
that can cause drift with time. Satellites need to have their orbits adjusted
from time to time, because the satellite is initially placed in the correct
orbit, natural forces induce a progressive drift.
7. What is meant by Pitch angle?
Movement
of a spacecraft about an axis which is perpendicular to its longitudinal axis.
It is the degree of elevation or depression.
8. What is an propellant?
A
solid or liquid substance burnt in a rocket for the purpose of producing
thrust.
9. What is an Yaw?
Yaw
is the rotation of a vehicle about its vertical axis.
10. What is an zero ‘g’?
Zero
‘g’ is a state when the gravitational attraction is opposed by equal and
opposite inertial forces and the body experiences no mechanical stress.
11. Describe the spin stabilized
satellites.
In
a spin stabilized satellites, the body of the satellite spins at about 30 to
100 rpm about the axis perpendicular to the orbital plane. The satellites arem
normally dual spin satellites with a spinning section and a despun section on
which antennas are mounted. These are kept stationary with respect to earth by
counter rotating the despun section.
12. What is meant by frequency
reuse?
The
carrier with opposite senses of polarization may overlap in frequency. This
technique is known as frequency reuse.
13. What is meant by spot beam
antenna?
A
beam generated by a communication satellite antenna of sufficient size that the
angular spread of sufficient size that the angular spread of the energy in the
beam is very small with the result that a region that is only a few hundred km
in diameter is illuminated on earth.
14. What is meant by momentum wheel
stabilization?
During
the spin stabilization, flywheels may be used rather than spinning the
satellite. These flywheels are termed as momentum wheels.
15. What is polarization
interleaving?
Overlap
occurs between channels, but these are alternatively polarized left hand
circular and right hand circular to reduce interference to acceptable levels.
This is referred to as polarization interleaving.
16. Define S/N ratio.
The
S/N introduced in the preceding section is used to refer to the ratio of signal
power to noise power at the receiver output. This is known as S/N ratio.
17. What is an intermodulation
noise?
Intermodulation
distortion in high power amplifier can result in signal product which appear as
noise and it is referred to as intermodulation noise.
18. What is an antenna loss?
It
is added to noise received as radiation and the total antenna noise temperature
is the sum of the equivalent noise temperature of all these sources.
19. Define sky noise.
It
is a term used to describe the microwave radiation which is present throughout
universe and which appears to originate from matter in any form, at finite
temperature.
20. Define noise factor.
An
alternative way of representing amplifier noise is by means of its noise
factor. In defining the noise factor of an amplifiers, usually taken as 290 k.
21. What is TWTA?
TWTA
means Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier. The TWTA is widely used in transponder to
provide the final output power required to the transtube and its power
supplies.
22.What is meant by thermal control
and why this is necessary in a satellite?
Equipment
in the satellite generates heat which has to be removed. The element used in
the satellite to control thermal heat is called thermal conrol. The most
important consideration is that the satellite’s equipment should operate as
nearly as possible in a stable temperature environment
23.What are the functions carried
out in TT&C?
Telemetry-
Gathering or measure information about satellite.
Tracking-
track the satellite’s movement and send correction signals as Required
Comment-
send information about the satellite to earth station.
24.What is meant by redundant
receiver?
A
duplicate receiver is provided so that if one fails, the other is automatically
switched in. The combination is referred to as a redundant receiver, meaning
that although two are provided, only one is in use at a given time.
25.List out the advantages of TWT.
The
advantage of the TWT over other types of tube amplifiers is that it can provide
amplification over a very wide bandwidth. Input levels to the TWT must be
carefully controlled, however, to minimize the effects of certain forms of
distortion
26.Define input back off.
In
a TWTA, the operating point must be backed off to a linear portion of the
transfer characteristic to reduce the effects of intermodulation distortion.The
point from the saturation point to linear region at the input is called input
backoff.
27.Define diplexer &
orthocoupler.
The
same feed horn may be used to transmit and receive carriers with the same
polarization. The transmit and receive signals are separated in a device known
as a diplexer,
The
polarization separation takes place in a device known as an orthocoupler, or
orthogonal mode transducer (OMT). Separate horns also may be used for the
transmit and receive functions, with both horns using the same reflector.
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