Disorders of muscular and skeletal system
Myasthenia
gravis: An autoimmune disorder affecting the action of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction leading to
fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscles. Acetylcholine receptors
on the sarcolemma are blocked by antibodies leading to weakness of muscles. When
the disease progresses, it can make chewing, swallowing, talking and even
breathing difficult.
Tetany: Rapid
muscle spasms occur in the muscles due to deficiency of parathyroid hormone resulting in reduced calcium
levels in the body.
Muscle
fatigue: Muscle fatigue is the inability of a muscle to contract after repeated muscle contractions. This is due to
lack of ATP and accumulation of lactic acid by anaerobic breakdown of glucose
Atrophy: A decline
or cessation of muscular activity results in the condition called atrophy which results in the reduction
in the size of the muscle and makes the muscle to become weak, which occurs
with lack of usage as in chronic bedridden patients.
Muscle pull: Muscle pull is actually a muscle tear. A traumatic pulling of the fibres produces a tear known as sprain. This can occur due to sudden stretching of muscle beyond the point of elasticity. Back pain is a common problem caused by muscle pull due to improper posture with static sitting for long hours.
Muscular dystrophy:
The group of diseases collectively called the
muscular dystrophy are associated with the progressive degeneration of skeletal
muscle fibres, weakening the muscles and leading to death from lung or heart
failure. The most common form of muscular dystrophy is called Duchene Muscular
Dystrophy (DMD).
Arthritis and osteoporosis are the major disorders
of skeletal system.
1.
Arthritis:
Arthritis
is an inflammatory (or) degenerative disease that damages the joints. There are several types of arthritis.
(i)
Osteoarthritis:
The bone
ends of the knees and other freely movable
joints wear away as a person ages. The joints of knees, hip, fingers and
vertebral column are affected.
(ii)
Rheumatoid
arthritis: The synovial membranes become inflamed and there is an accumulation of fluid in
the joints. The joints swell and become extremely painful. It can begin at any
age but symptoms usually emerge before the age of fifty.
(iii) Gouty
arthritis or gout: Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric
acid crystals or inability to
excrete it. It gets deposited in synovial joints.
2.
Osteoporosis:
It occurs
due to deficiency of vitamin D and hormonal imbalance. The bone becomes soft and fragile. It causes rickets in children and
osteomalacia in adult females. It can be minimized with adequate calcium
intake, vitamin D intake and regular physical activities.
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