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Chapter: 11th History : Chapter 5 : Evolution of Society in South India

Social Formation in Tamil Eco-zones

Sangam poems help us understand the social formation of the time.

Social Formation in Tamil Eco-zones


Sangam poems help us understand the social formation of the time. According to the thinai concept, Tamilagam was divided into five landscapes or eco-regions namely Kurinji, Marutam, Mullai, Neytal and Palai. Each region had distinct characteristics – a presiding deity, people and cultural life according to the environmental conditions, as follows:


Kurinji: hilly region: hunting and gathering


Marutham: riverine tract:agriculture using plough and irrigation.


Mullai: forested region: pastoralism combined with shifting cultivation


Neythal: coastal land: fishing and salt making.


Palai: parched land. Unsuitable for cultivation and hence people took to cattle lifting and robbery.


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