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Chapter: Computer Architecture : Memory and I/O Systems

Programmed I/O

Register STATUS contains two control flags, SIN and SOUT, which provide status information for the keyboard and the display unit, respectively.

PROGRAMMED I/O

 

Consider a simple example of I/O operations involving a keyboard and a display device in a computer system. The four registers shown in Figure 5.3 are used in the data transfer operations. Register STATUS contains two control flags, SIN and SOUT, which provide status information for the keyboard and the display unit, respectively. The two flags KIRQ and DIRQ in this register are used in conjunction with interrupts. They, and the KEN and DEN bits in

register CONTROL, Data from the keyboard are made available in the DATAIN register, and data sent to the display are stored in the DATAOUT register.


Registers in keyboard and display interfaces

 

In program-controlled I/O the processor repeatedly checks a status flag to achieve the required synchronization between the processor and an input or output device. The processor polls the device. There are two other commonly used mechanisms for implementing I/O operations: interrupts and direct memory access. In the case of interrupts, synchronization is achieved by having the I/O device send a special signal over the bus whenever it is ready for a data transfer operation. Direct memory access is a technique used for high-speed I/O devices. It involves having the device interface transfer data directly to or from the memory, without continuous involvement by the processor.



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