Type 1 diabetes mellitus: associated illnesses
Patients with T1DM are at
increased risk for a number of other autoim-mune disorders.
The most important of these are
the following:
·Autoimmune
thyroiditis: up to
5% develop hypothyroidism.
·Coeliac
disease:
prevalence rate 5–10%;
usually atypical symptoms or
asymptomatic.
·Adrenal
insufficiency: uncommon.
Testing for thyroid
autoantibodies, thyroid function tests (TSH and free T4), together with a
coeliac disease antibody screen (transglutaminase or endomysial antibodies),
should be carried out on an annual basis for the early detection and treatment
of these disorders.
Glycated
haemoglobin index (HbA1c) measured every 3–4mths.
·Height/weight/BMI (regularly at
clinic).
·Puberty stage (annual).
·Microalbuminuria screening:
urine dipstick test (regularly at
clinic);
3
early morning urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (annual screening).
·Retinopathy screening: retinal
photography (annual screening).
·Neuropathy (rare).
·Associated autoimmune disease:
thyroid disease (annual);
coeliac disease (annual).
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