Assisted Human Reproduction
·
3 types:
o Couples using their own genetic material
o Techniques using other people‟s genetic material
o Techniques using another women‟s womb (surrogacy)
·
Current issues:
o Surrogacy – non-commercial IVF
o Posthumous use of sperm (creation of fatherless families)
o Should women have access to IVF if they already have children (eg
following tube reversal) – is there a fair innings?
o Intergenerational gamete donation (assisted incest!)
o Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
·
To what extent should families be
free to make their own choices
§ The significance of life
§ Does PGD devalue affected individuals
§ What is the meaning of disability
§ Who will have access to these diagnostic techniques
·
Ethical issues:
o Human dignity, the value of life and what it is to be human
o Autonomy
§ Procreative liberty vs the role of the state (reflecting the welfare of
society)
§ Informed consent – eg pressure on surrogate mums
o Beneficence:
§ Who benefits
§ What are the best interested of the child not yet conceived. They should
be an end in themselves, not a means to someone else‟s end
o Non-maleficence (do no harm)
§ Commodification of children
§ Incrementalism – the „slippery slope‟
§ Unknown/possible harms – Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection has become
common without any long term trials looking for any effects on kids
o Justice
§ Fair access to AHR procedures
§ Prioritisation of need and benefit
§ Infertility vs social reasons (eg post vasectomy, freezing eggs till
after you‟ve had a career, etc)
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