The factors
affecting the climate
Climate of India is affected by the factors of
latitude, altitude, distance from the seas, monsoon wind, relief features and
jet stream.
Latitudinally, India lies between 8°4'N and 37°6'N
latitudes. The Tropic of cancer divides the country into two equal halves. The
area located to the south of Tropic of cancer experiences high temperature and
no severe cold season throughout the year whereas, the areas to the north of
this parallel enjoys sub-tropical climate.
When the
altitude increases, The temperature decreases. Temperature decreases at the
rate of 6.50C for every 1000 metres of ascent. It is called normal lapse rate.
Hence, places in the mountains are cooler than the
places on the plains. Ooty and several other hill stations of south India and
of the Himalayan ranges like Mussourie, Shimla etc., are much cooler than the
places located on the Great Plains.
Find out the temperature of Ooty (2240m) when it is 350C in
Chennai (6.7m)
A large area of India, especially the peninsular
region, is not very far from the sea and this entire area has a clear maritime
influence on climate. This part of the country does not have a very clearly
marked winter and the temperature is equable almost throughout the year. Areas
of central and north India experience much seasonal variation in temperature
due to the absence of influence of seas. Here, summers are hot and winters are
cold. The annual temperature at Kochin does not exceed 30°C as its location is
on the coast while it is as high as 40°C at Delhi, since it is located in the
interior part. Air near the coast has more moisture and greater potential to
produce precipitation. Due to this fact, the amount of rainfall at Kolkata
located near the coast is 119 cm and it decreases to just 24 cm at Bikaner
which is located in the interior part.
The most dominant factor which affects the climate
of India is the monsoon winds. These are seasonal reversal winds and India
remains in the influence of these winds for a considerable part of a year.
Though, the sun’s rays are vertical over the central part of India during the
mid-June, the summer season ends in India by the end of May. It is because the
onset of southwest monsoon brings down the temperature of the entire India and
causes moderate to heavy rainfall in many parts of the country. Similarly, the
climate of southeast India is also influenced by northeast monsoon.
Weather refers to the state of
atmosphere of a place at a given point of time. Climate is the accumulation of daily
and seasonal weather events of a given location over a period of 30-35 years.
Relief of
India has a great bearing on major elements of climate such as temperature,
atmospheric pressure, direction of winds and the amount of rainfall. The
Himalayas acts as a barrier to the freezing cold wind blows from central Asia
and keep the Indian subcontinent warm. As such the north India experiences
tropical climate even during winter. During southwest monsoon, areas on the
western slope of the Western Ghats receive heavy rainfall. On the contrary,
vast areas of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil nadu
lie in rain shadow or leeward side of the Western Ghats receive very little
rainfall. During this season, Mangalore, located on the coast gets the rainfall
of about 280 cm whereas the Bengaluru located on the leeward side receives only
about 50 cm rainfall.
Jet streams are the fast moving winds blowing in a
narrow zone in the upper atmosphere. According to the Jet stream theory, the
onset of southwest monsoon is driven by the shift of the sub tropical westerly
jet from the plains of India towards the Tibetan plateau. The easterly jet
streams cause tropical depressions both during southwest monsoon and retreating
monsoon.
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