Print, Media, and Entertainment
The pervasiveness, applicability, and extensibility of XML has even
impacted the fairly innocuous arena of general entertainment. Playing games,
watching movies, and general entertainment is made even more enjoyable and
intelligently enabled by XML technology.
NewsML
The news industry is dominated by one thing: content. In fact, there
really is no separa-tion of news from content, and as such the issues around
content management are really the same as the issues around the creation and
distribution of news. In the past, editorial environments would produce content
to support various news products, which would require the content to be
tailored to each format. Where there is data, especially docu-ment and
structured data such what’s present in the news industry, there is XML. In
fact, there’s a plethora of news- and content-related specifications that are
squarely targeted at solving the needs of this space. In particular, the NewsML
format, created initially by Reuters and supported by the International Press
Telecommunications Council (IPTC), is a specification created for the
definition, creation, exchange, and packaging of news arti-cles and related
content. NewsML further compliments and extends another IPTC stan-dards effort,
the News Industry Text Format (NITF), which specifies the content of news
articles. Once you have the kind of rich format that NewsML provides, you can
build news products for different user groups without creating lots of the
reengineering needed for mixing different blends of news. Typical uses of
NewsML include uses in and among editorial systems, between news agencies and
their customers, between publishers and news aggregators, and between news service
providers and end users.
The main functionality of NewsML falls along the following areas:
providing neutrality of news format and media type, easier development of news
items, collections of news items into larger news “stories,” named relationships
between news items, divisions of news stories into structures consisting of
parts and named relationships between parts, alternative representations of
those parts, explicit inclusion, inclusion by reference and exclusion of parts
and alternatives, and attachment of metadata from standard and non-standard
schemes. In addition, NewsML provides for strong versioning support, support
for multiple display methods, and adaptation to delivery environments.
As such, NewsML can be considered to be a “container” for news items. As
the NewsML Web site states, “NewsML makes no assumption about the media type,
format, or encoding of news. NewsML provides a structure within which news
objects, of what-ever type, relate to each other. NewsML can equally represent text,
video, audio, graph-ics, and photos. NewsML takes the view that any medium can
be the main part of a news item and that objects of all other types can fulfill
secondary, tertiary, and other roles in respect of the main part. Hence, NewsML
allows for the representation of simple textual stories, textual stories with
primary and secondary photos, the evening TV news—with embedded individual
reports, and so on.” An architecture diagram of the NewsML format is shown in
Figure 22.7.
Because news stories develop over time, NewsML supports versioning and
allows for the development of textual stories using takes. In addition, NewsML
supports the attachment of components of news stories that can be available
later to existing news story compo-nents. Another major feature of NewsML is
the collection of news elements into a greater “story” that contains a variety
of components that have the same “journalistic intent.” To support this
capability, NewsML allows the construction of relationships between news items
and collections of news items, such as “see also,” “related news,” and “for
more detail,” so that these entities can exist in a web of such named
relation-ships. The NewsML format also supports the authentication and
signature of metadata and news item content because the value of news content,
and its associated metadata, is highly dependent on its reliability.
The architecture of a NewsML document consists of components and named
relation-ships between components. Most news items contain a “main” part and
some number of secondary and tertiary parts that complement the main part in
various ways. This could take the form of a textual main part and photos as
secondary parts. In addition, news items themselves can be related to other
news items so that a news item can be a compo-nent of another, and individual
component can be represented in different ways so that users can select which
version they wish to use or is most appropriate to their delivery environment.
For example, part of a news item might be available in HTML, RTF, and PDF
versions, with photos available at different resolutions and color depths
utilizing the GIF or JPEG file format. This methodology also allows news items
to be transmitted in print, on the Web, or over wireless delivery protocols
because NewsML doesn’t describe layout semantics. Each part of a news item and
the news item as a whole can contain metadata that describes physical
properties of the parts, information about the construc-tion of the parts, such
as author, publisher, and owner, and information about the content, such as the
topic, category, and importance. Although NewsML provides the facility to
describe news items, it doesn’t specify any particular vocabulary for doing so
and thus allows individual organizations to choose their metadata format.
NewsML can add as much information as needed for defining context that
individuals can use to better locate and make use of news items. NewsML also
gives users the opportunity to receive and aggregate news items from different
vendors with similar metadata. Although the packaging features of NewsML are
usable internally to produce what users might see on a Web page, it’s the
metadata that allows users to link stories with their real meanings.
NewsML is a document format and not a messaging protocol, so it can be
delivered using other messaging or content-management messaging schemes such as
SOAP, RSS, and ICE. An example of a NewsML file can be found in Listing 2.11.
LISTING 22.11 Sample NewsML File
<?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8”?>
<!DOCTYPE NewsML PUBLIC
“urn:newsml:iptc.org:20001006:NewsMLv1.0:1” “./DTD/NewsMLv1.0.dtd”>
<?xml-stylesheet
type=”text/xsl”
href=”./stylesheets/IPTCNewsML.xsl”?>
<NewsML>
<Catalog Href=”./catalog/mycatalog.xml”/>
<NewsEnvelope>
<DateAndTime>20001006</DateAndTime>
</NewsEnvelope>
<NewsItem>
<Identification>
<NewsIdentifier>
<ProviderId>iptc.org</ProviderId>
<DateId>20001006</DateId>
<NewsItemId>SportsResultSample</NewsItemId>
<RevisionId PreviousRevision=”0” Update=”N”>1</RevisionId>
<PublicIdentifier>
urn:newsml:iptc.org:20001006:SportsResultSample:1
</PublicIdentifier>
</NewsIdentifier>
</Identification>
<NewsManagement>
<NewsItemType FormalName=”News”
Scheme=”NewsItemType”/> <FirstCreated>20001006</FirstCreated>
<ThisRevisionCreated>20001006</ThisRevisionCreated> <Status
FormalName=”Usable” Scheme=”IptcStatus”/>
</NewsManagement>
<NewsComponent>
<ContentItem>
<DataContent><![CDATA[<FootballResult><Hteam>Arsenal</Hteam>
<Hscore>1</Hscore><Ateam>Chelsea</Ateam><Ascore>2</Ascore></FootballResult>]]>
</DataContent>
</ContentItem>
</NewsComponent>
</NewsItem>
</NewsML>
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