Botany : Ecosystem
Evaluation
I Choose the most suitable answer from the given four alternatives and write the option code and the corresponding answer.
1. Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem?
a) Bacteria
b) Humus
c) Organic compounds
d) Inorganic compounds
2. Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem?
a) Forest ecosystem
b) Rice field
c) Grassland ecosystem
d) Desert ecosystem
3. Pond is a type of
a) forest ecosystem
b) grassland ecosystem
c) marine ecosystem
d) fresh water ecosystem
4. Pond ecosystem is
a) not self sufficient and self regulating
b) partially self sufficient and self regulating
c) self sufficient and not self regulating
d) self sufficient and self regulating
5. Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of
a) with effective light penetration
b) no effective light penetration
c) complete absence of light
d) a and b
6. Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only
a) 2 – 8%
b) 2 – 10%
c) 3 – 10%
d) 2 – 9%
7. Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity?
a) Pond ecosystem
b) Lake ecosystem
c) Grassland ecosystem
d) Forest ecosystem
8. Ecosystem consists of
a) decomposers
b) producers
c) consumers
d) all of the above
9. Which one is in descending order of a food chain
a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers
b) Tertiary consumers → Primary consumers → Secondary consumers → Producers
c) Tertiary consumers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Producers
d) Tertiary consumers → Producers → Primary consumers → Secondary consumers
10. Significance of food web is / are
a) it does not maintain stability in nature
b) it shows patterns of energy transfer
c) it explains species interaction
d) b and c
11. The following diagram represents
a) pyramid of number in a grassland ecosystem
b) pyramid of number in a pond ecosystem
c) pyramid of number in a forest ecosystem
d) pyramid of biomass in a pond ecosystem
12. Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition
a) Eluviation
b) Catabolism
c) Anabolism
d) Fragmentation
13. Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle
a) Nitrogen cycle
b) Phosphorous cycle
c) Sulphur cycle
d) Calcium cycle
14. Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services
i) Genetic resources
ii) Recreation and aesthetic values
iii) Invasion resistance
iv) Climatic regulation
a) i and iii
b) ii and iv
c) i and ii
d) i and iv
Answer the following questions
15. Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?
Answer: (i) The deeper region of a pond below the limnetic zone is called profundal zone with no effective light penetration and predominance of heterotrophs. Hence producers are not found here.
(ii) The primary productivity through photosynthesis of littoral and limnetic zone of the pond is more due to greater penetration of light than the profundal zone.
16. Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.
Answer: Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
The total amount of food energy or organic matter or biomass produced in an ecosystem by autotrophs through the process of photosynthesis is called gross primary productivity.
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
The proportion of energy which remains after respiration loss in the plant is called net primary productivity. It is also called as apparent photosynthesis. Thus the difference between GPP and respiration is known as NPP.
NPP = GPP - Respiration
Thus GPP is more efficient than NPP.
17. Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasons
Answer: A graphical representation of energy flow at each successive trophic level in an ecosystem is called pyramids of energy. The bottom of the pyramid of energy is occupied by the producers. There is a gradual decrease in energy transfer at successive tropic levels from producers to the upper levels. Therefore, the pyramid of energy is always upright.
18. What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?
Answer: If all producers are removed, then there will be no primary productivity and there will be no biomass available for consumption by higher trophic levels or heterotrophs. Thus the food chain / food web will collapse leading to destruction of organisms and will affect functioning of ecosystem.
19. Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.
Answer:
Plants Producers → Grasshopper Primary consumers → Frog Secondary consumers → Snakes Tertiary consumers → Hawks Top carnivores
20. Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.
Answer: The movement of energy from producers upto top carnivores is known as food chain, i.e., in any food chain, energy flows from producers to primary consumers, then from primary consumers to secondary consumers, and finally secondary consumers to tertiary consumers. Hence, it shows linear network links. Generally, there are two types of food chain, (1) Grazing food chain and (2) Detritus food chain.
Grazing food chain is present in all ecosystem. Main source of energy for the grazing food chain is the Sun. It begins with the first link, producers (plants). The second link in the food chain is primary consumers (mouse) which get their food from producers. The third link in the food chain is secondary consumers (snake) which get their food from primary consumers. Fourth link in the food chain is tertiary consumers (eagle) which get their food from secondary consumers.
Grass Producers --→ Mouse Primary consumers --→ Snake Secondary consumers ---→ Eagle Tertiary consumers
21. Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.
Answer: Graphic representation of the trophic structure and function at successive trophic levels of an ecosystem is called ecological pyramids. The concept of ecological pyramids was introduced by Charles Elton (1927). Thus they are also called as Eltonian pyramids.
There are three types: (1) pyramid of number (2) pyramid of biomass (3) pyramid of energy.
Pyramid of number (Example)
A graphical representation of the number of organisms present at each successive trophic level in an ecosystem is called pyramids of number. There are three different shapes of pyramids upright, spindle and inverted.
There is a gradual decrease in the number of organisms in each trophic level from producers to primary consumers and then to secondary consumers, and finally to tertiary consumers. Therefore, pyramids of number in grassland and pond ecosystem are always upright.
In a forest ecosystem the pyramid of number is somewhat different in shape, it is because the base (T1) of the pyramid occupies large sized trees (Producer) which are lesser in number. Herbivores (T2) (Fruit eating birds, elephant, deer) occupying second trophic level, are more in number than the producers. In final trophic level (T4), tertiary consumers (lion) are lesser in number than the secondary consumer (T3) (fox and snake). Therefore, the pyramid of number in forest ecosystem looks spindle shaped,
The pyramid of number in a parasite ecosystem is always inverted, because it starts with a single tree. Therefore there is gradual increase in the number of organisms in successive tropic levels from producer to tertiary consumers.
22. Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?
Answer: If we change our everyday life style, we can help to protect the planet and its ecosystem. Therefore, we have to practice the following in our day to day life:
(i) Buy and use only ecofriendly products and recycle them.
(ii) Grow more trees
(iii) Choose sustained farm products (vegetables, fruits, greens, etc.)
(iv) Reduce the use of natural resources.
(v) Recycle the waste and reduce the amount of waste you produce.
(vi) Reduce consumption of water and electricity.
(vii) Reduce or eliminate the use of house-hold chemicals and pesticides.
(viii) Maintain your cars and vehicles properly. (In order to reduce carbon emission)
(ix) Create awareness and educate about ecosystem protection among your friends and family members and ask them to find out solution to minimise this problem.
Go green
(i) It refers to the changing of one’s lifestyle for the safety and benefits of the environments (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
(ii) Way to go green and save green
(a) Close the tap when not in use.
(b) Switch off the electrical gadgets when not in use.
(c) Never use plastics and replace them with biodegradable products
(d) Always use ecofriendly technology and products.
23. Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions . Find out the types of succession and explain.
Answer: Secondary succession:
(i) The development of a plant community in an area where an already developed community has been destroyed by some natural disturbance. Ex. Fire is known as secondary successions.
(ii) Generally, this succession takes less time than the time taken for primary successions. Ex: The forest destroyed by fire and excessive lumbering may be re-occupied by herbs over period of times.
24. Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief.
Quantities of organisms are given-Hawks-50,
plants-1000.rabbit and mouse-250 +250, pythons and lizard- 100 + 50 respectively.
Answer:
Pyramid of Number
(Grassland ecosystem)
This is a pyramid of number and is based on grassland ecosystem.
(i) The number of producers is maximum. (1000)
(ii) This is followed by primary consumers. (500)
(iii) This is followed by secondary consumers. (150)
(iv) The tertiary consumers are lesser than secondary consumers. (50)
Therefore there is a gradual decrease in the number of organisms in each trophic level from producers to tertiary consumers. Therefore the pyramid of number in grassland ecosystem is upright.
25. Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.
Reed-swamp stage, phytoplankton stage, shrub stage, submerged plant stage, forest stage, submerged free floating stage, marsh medow stage.
Answer: This is hydrosere plant succession
This type of succession starts in regions where water is plenty.
(i) Phytoplankton stage
(ii) Submerged plant stage
(iii) Submerged free floating stage
(iv) Reed-Swamp stage
(v) Marsh meadow stage
(vi) Shrub stage
(vii) Forest stage
The succession in a freshwater ecosystem is referred to as hydrosere.
1. Phytoplankton stage - It is the first stage of succession consisting of the pioneer community like blue green algae, green algae, diatoms, bacteria, etc., The colonization of these organisms enrich the amount of organic matter and nutrients of pond due to their life activities and death.
2. Submerged plant stage - As the result of death and decomposition of planktons, silt brought from land by rain water, lead to a loose mud formation at the bottom of the pond. Hence, the rooted submerged hydrophytes begin to appear on the new substratum. Example: Chara, Utricularia. The death and decay of these plants will build up the substratum of pond to become shallow and replaces another group of plants which are of floating type.
3. Submerged free floating stage - During this stage, the depth of the pond will become almost 2-5 feet. Hence, the rooted hydrophytic plants colonise the pond. Example: Rooted floating plants like Nelumbo, Nymphaea and Trapa. Some free floating species like Azolla, Lemna, Wolffia and Pistia are also present in this stage. By death and decomposition of these plants, further the pond becomes more shallow and floating plant species is gradually replaced by another species.
4. Reed-swamp stage - It is also called an amphibious stage. During this stage, rooted floating plants are replaced by plants which can live successfully in aquatic as well as aerial environment. Example: Typha, Phragmites. At the end of this stage, water level is very much reduced, making it unsuitable for the continuous growth of amphibious plants.
5. Marsh meadow stage - When the pond becomes swallowed due to decreasing water level, species of Cyperaceae and Poaceae such as Carex, Juncus, etc., colonise the area. They form a mat-like vegetation with the help of their much branched root system. This leads to an absorption and loss of large quantity of water. At the end of this stage, the soil becomes dry and the marshy vegetation disappears gradually and leads to shrub stage.
6. Shrub stage - As the disappearance of marshy vegetation continues, soil becomes dry. Hence, these areas are now invaded by terrestrial plants like shrubs (Salix and Cornus) and trees (Populus and Alnus). These plants absorb large quantity of water and make the habitat dry. Further, the accumulation of humus with a rich flora of microorganisms produce minerals in the soil, ultimately favouring the arrival of new tree species in the area.
7. Forest stage - It is the climax community of hydrosere. A variety of trees invade the area and develop any one of the diverse type of vegetation. Example: Temperate mixed forest (Ulmus, Acer and Quercus), Tropical rain forest (Artocarpus and Cinnamomum) and Tropical deciduous forest (Bamboo and Tectona).
In the 7 stages of hydrosere succession, stage 1 is occupied by pioneer community, while the stage 7 is occupied by the climax community. The stages 2 to 6 are occupied by seral communities.
Ecosystem: Study of interaction between living and non-living components
Standing quality: Total inorganic substances presents in any ecosystem at a given time and given area
Standing crops: Amount of living material present in a population at any time.
Biomass: Can be measured as fresh weight or dry weight of organisms
Benthic: Bottom zone of the pond
Trophic: Refers to the position of organisms in food chain
Omnivores: Those eats both plants and animals
Food chain: Refers movement of energy from producers up to top carnivores
Food web: Interlocking pattern of food chain
Pyramid of number: Refers number of organisms in a successive trophic level
Pyramid of biomass: Refers to quantitative relationship of the standing crops
Pyramid of energy: Refers transformation of energy at successive trophic levels
Ten per cent law: refers only 10 per cent of energy is stored in each successive trophic levels
Bio geo chemical cycle: Exchange of nutrients between organisms and environments
Carbon cycle: Circulation of carbon among organisms and environments
Guano: It is a accumulated excrement of sea birds and bats.
Phosphorus cycle: Circulation of Phosphorus among organisms and environments
Succession: Successive replacement of one type of plant communities by other on barren or disturbed area.
Pioneers: Invaded plants on barren area
Primary succession: Plants colonising on barren area
Secondary succession: Plants colonising on disturbed area.
Climax communities: Final establishment of plant communities which are not replaced by others.
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