Anemia
Anemia is a condition in which there
is a reduction in the number of red blood cells and a deficiency of hemoglobin
resulting in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity.
Etiology:
Blood loss related to trauma, decreased production of
plalets. Increased destruction of platelets and decreased number of clotting
factor.
Impairment of RBC production due to nutritional deficiency,
(eg Iron deficiency, folic deficiency, Vitamin
B12 deficiency, Vitamin B6 deficiency.
Decreased erythrocyte production, bone narrow depression.
Increased erythrocycte destruction due to
Extrinsic factor.
Drugs and chemicals.
Infection.
Antibody reaction.
Intrinsic factors.
Abnormalities of RBC membrane.
Abnormal hemoglobin synthesis-sickle cell, disease,
thalasemia syndrome.
Pathophysiology
RBCs and hemoglobin are normally formed at the same rate at
which they are destroyed.
Whenever formation of RBCs or hemoglobin is decreased or
their destruction is increased, anemia results.
Sign and symptoms:
1.
Early Symptoms:
Restlessness, Fatigability and Anorexia related to decreased
energy.
2.
Late symptoms:
Pallor, Weakness, Tachycardia, palpitation, Tachypneoa,
shortness of breath.
Diagnosis:
1.
Complete blood count.
2.
Hemoglobin electrophoresis
Types of
Anemia
1.
Anemia from blood loss: Hemorrhage
or continued slow bleeding will
cause anemia.
2.
Iron deficiency Anemia: It
may result from faulty eating habits
(Poor diets or hurrying meals)
3.
Pernicious Anemia: A
patient with pernicious Anemia lacks
substances in the gastric juice called instinct factor, which is necessary to
enable the body to absorb vitamin B12 from food.
4.
Sickle cell anemia: It
is genetic disease in which the red blood
cells become sickled in shape due to the presence of abnormal hemoglobin.
5.
Aplastic anemia: It
results from disease of the bone marrow
(where most blood cells are produced.) whereby the marrow is destroyed.
6.
Megaloblastic anemia: It is caused by deficiency of the vitamin B12
and folic acid. This
shows identical bone arrow and
peripheral blood changes, because
both vitamins are essential for normal DNA synthesis.
7.
Hemolytic anemia: The
erythrocyte has a shortened life span.
Treatment:
1.
Anemia from blood loss: Replace
the blood cells by transfusion and
sometime to administer iron supplements.
2.
Iron-deficiency Anemia: Take extra iron containing food.
3.
Pernicious Anemia: Take
vitamin B 12 containing foods An
injection every 2 or 3 weeks will allow the person to live normally.
Sickle
cell Anemia: Citadels citrate ,
pentoxifyllin, vanillin oil as anti sickly effects evaluated as
adjunctive therapy for sickle
cell anemia. Blood
transfusion and folic
acid therapy is administered.
1.
Aplasstic anemia: Two
methods of treatments are currently employed.
Bone marrow transplantation and Administration of immunosuppressive therapy
with entity
2.
Megaloblastic anemia: Injection B12 is administered, provide
nutritious diet and folic acid 1 mg per day.
Nursing Management:
i)Offer small amount of foods at frequent intervals.
ii) Provide iron-rich
foods and vitamins
iii) Teach and assist with good
hygienic practices,.
iv) Good dietary habits.
Complication:
1.
Mental sluggishness
2.
Growth retardation
Delayed puberty related to growth retardation.
Cardiac failure related to circulatory collapse and shock
resulting in death.
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