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Chapter: 11th Computer Science : Chapter 17 : Computer Ethics and Cyber Security

Types of Encryption

There are two types of encryption schemes as listed below: • Symmetric Key encryption • Public Key encryption

TYPES OF ENCRYPTION

There are two types of encryption schemes as listed below:

• Symmetric Key encryption

• Public Key encryption

 

SYMMETRIC KEY ENCRYPTION

Symmetric encryption is a technique to use the same key for both encryption and decryption. The main disadvantage of the symmetric key encryption is that all authorized persons involved, have to exchange the key used to encrypt the data before they can decrypt it. If anybody intercepts the key information, they may read all message. Figure 17.10 depicts the working of symmetric key encryption.


 

PUBLIC KEY ENCRYPTION

Public key encryption isalso called Asymmetric encryption. It uses the concept of a key value pair, a different key is used for the encryption and decryption process. One of the keys is typically known as the private key and the other is known as the public key.

The private key is kept secret by the owner and the public key is either shared amongst authorized recipients or made available to the public at large.

The data encrypted with the recipient’s public key can only be decrypted with the corresponding private key. Figure 17.11 shows the public key encryption.


 

Asymmetric Encryption in Digital Certificates:

A digital certificate in a client-server model of communication is one of the example of Asymmetric Encryption. A certificate is a package of information that identifies a user and a server. It contains information such as an organization’s name, the organization that issued the certificate, the users’ email address and country, and user’s public key.

When a server and a client require a secure encrypted communication, they send a query over the network to the other party, which sends back a copy of the certificate. The other party’s public key can be extracted from the certificate. A certificate can also be used to uniquely identify the holder.

 

Digital Signature

Digital signatures are based on asymmetric cryptography and can provide assurances of evidence to origin, identity and status of an electronic document, transaction or message, as well as acknowledging informed by the signer.

To create a digital signature, signing software (email) creates a one-way hash of the electronic data to be signed. The user's private key to encrypt the hash, returning a value that is unique to the hashed data. The encrypted hash, along with other information such as the hashing algorithm, forms the digital signature. Any change in the data, even to a single bit, results in a different hash value. This attribute enables others to validate the integrity of the data by using the signer's public key to decrypt the hash. If the decrypted hash matches a second computed hash of the same data, it proves that the data hasn't changed since it was signed. If the two hashes don't match, the data has either been tampered with in some way (indicating a failure of integrity) or the signature was created with a private key that doesn't correspond to the public key presented by the signer (indicating a failure of authentication). Figure 17.12 shows the function of a digital signature.



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