Therapeutic Instruments
Pacemaker is a medical device which uses electrical
impulses, delivered by electrodes contracting the heart muscles, to regulate
the beating of the heart.
The primary purpose of a pacemaker is to maintain
an adequate heart rate, either because the heart’s natural pacemaker is not
fast enough, or because there is a block in the hearts electrical conducting
system.
The pacemaker system consists of pulse generator
and a electrode. The pulse generator is a sealed box which contains
lithium-halide cells to provide power and an electronic circuit to regulate the
rate and pulse width of the electrical impulse.
This device uses low-energy electrical pulses to
prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate. The pulse generator is placed under
the skin below the collar bone. When required, the exhausted pulse generator
can be replaced. Newer pacemakers also can monitor blood temperature,
breathing, and other factors and adjust the heart rate.
Pacemaker batteries last between 5 and 15 years
(average 6 to 7 years), depending on how active the pacemaker is. The wires of
the pacemaker also may need to be replaced eventually.
Lasers are devices that emit a single, coherent
wavelength of electromagnetic radiation that is used to cut, coagulate, or
ablate tissue for a variety of clinical applications. The term “LASER” stands
for light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation. Laser surgery
uses non- ionizing radiation, so it does not have the same long-term risks as X-rays or other types of ionizing
radiation. Laser systems produce a variety of wavelengths of varying pulse
duration and energy levels.
Ordinary light, such as that from a light bulb, has
many wavelengths and spreads in all
Laser light, on the other hand, has a
specific wavelength. It is focused in a narrow
beam and creates
very high-intensity light. Computer-based
imaging and guidance systems
allow procedures to be performed
precisely, quickly, and
with greater control. Although lasers are commonly used superficially
for cutaneous and cular applications, smaller efficient laser delivery systems
are available for minimally invasive applications, including endoscopy,
bronchoscopy, laparoscopy, and endovenous ablation.
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