Nanoparticles Production Using Microbes
Particles
with one or more dimensions of the order of 100 nm or less. There are a large
number of physical, chemical, biological, and hybrid methods available to
synthesize different types of nanoparticles. Although physical and
chemical methods are more popular in the synthesis of nanoparticles, the use of
toxic chemicals greatly limits their biomedical applications, in particular in
clinical fields. Therefore, development of reliable, nontoxic, and eco-friendly
methods for synthesis of nanoparticles is of utmost importance to expand their
biomedical applications. One of the options to achieve this goal is to use
microorganisms to synthesize nanoparticles.
Nanoparticles
are biosynthesized when the microorganisms grab target ions from their
environment and then turn the metal ions into the element metal through enzymes
generated by the cell activities. It can be classified into intra-cellular and
extracellular synthesis according to the location where nanoparticles are
formed. The intracellular method consists of transporting ions into the
microbial cell to form nanoparticles in the presence of enzymes. The
extracellular synthesis of nanoparticles involves trapping the metal ions on the surface of the cells
and reducing ions in the presence of enzymes.
The
biosynthesized nanoparticles have been used in a variety of applications
including drug carriers for targeted delivery, cancer treatment, gene therapy
and DNA analysis, antibacterial agents, biosensors, enhancing reaction rates,
separation science, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Many microorganisms
can produce inorganic nanoparticles through either intracellular or
extracellular routes. This section describes the production of various
nanoparticles via biological methods following the categories of metallic
nanoparticles including gold, silver, alloy and other metal nanoparticles,
oxide nanoparticles consisting of magnetic and nonmagnetic oxide nanoparticles,
sulfide nanoparticles, and other miscellaneous nanoparticles (Figure 1.4).
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