HYDRAULICS OF FLOW IN
PIPES
TAP
WATER
Tap water (running
water, city water, municipal water, etc.) is a
principal component of "indoor plumbing", which became
available in urban areas of the developed world during the last quarter of the
19th century, and common during the mid-20th century. The application of
technologies involved in providing clean or "potable" water to homes,
businesses and public buildings is a major subfield of sanitary engineering.
Potable
water supply
This
supply may come from several possible sources.
1. Municipal
water supply
2. Water
wells
3. Delivered
by truck
4. Processed
water from creeks, streams, rivers, lakes, rainwater, etc.
Domestic water systems have been evolving since
people first located their homes near a running water supply, e.g., a stream or
river. The water flow also allowed sending waste water away from the domiciles.
Modern indoor plumbing
delivers clean, safe, potable water to each service point in the distribution
system. It is imperative that the clean water not be contaminated by the waste
water (disposal) side of the process system. Historically, this contamination
of drinking water has been the largest killer of humans.
Hot
water supply
Domestic hot water is provided by means of water
heater appliances, or through district heating. The hot water from these units
is then piped to the various fixtures and appliances that require hot water,
such as lavatories, sinks, bathtubs, showers, washing machines, and
dishwashers.
Fixtures
and appliances
Everything in a building that uses water falls under
one of two categories; Fixture or Appliance. As the consumption points above
perform their function, most produce waste/sewage components that will require
removal by the waste/sewage side of the system. The minimum is an air gap. See
cross connection control & backflow prevention for an overview of backflow
prevention methods and devices currently in use, both through the use of
mechanical and physical principles.
Fixtures
are devices that use water without an additional source of power.
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