Conveyance System: Regulation and
compliance
Before a water supply system is constructed or modified, the designer and contractor need to consult the local plumbing code and obtain a building permits prior to construction. Even replacing an existing water heater may require a permit and inspection of the work. NSF 61 is the U.S. national standard for potable water piping guidelines. National and local fire codes should be integrated in the design phase of the water system too to prevent "failure comply with regulations" notices. Some areas of the United States require on-site water reserves of potable and fire water by law.
Aqueduct
• Closed
- rectangular or Circular or horse shoe section built of masonry or R.C.C.
•
They are generally designed as ½ or 3/4th
full.
• When
designed as grade aqueducts, should not made to run full under pressure.
• Because
of tension developed - open out joints of masonry work endangering structural
stability - causing serious leakage.
Pressure
Conduit
• Closed
conduits - no air can enter into it.
• Water
flows under pressure above the atmospheric pressure.
• Pressure
pipes follow the natural available ground surface.
• Moves
freely up and down hills or can dip beneath valleys or mountains.
• Pressure
aqueducts / Pressure tunnels - closed pipes
or
closed aqueducts and tunnels.
•
Circular in shape always - Hydraulic and structural reason.
• Due
to Circular shape - pressure conduits are termed as Pressure pipe.
• Pressure
pipe - drops beneath a valley, stream or some other depression - So called Sag
/ Depressed pipe / Inverted siphon.
Significance
of Pressure Conduits
• Economical
than canal or flumes
• Follow
short routes
• Moving
water - not exposed anywhere - no chances of getting polluted
• Invariably
and universally used for water supplies
- Gravity conduits - used for carrying sewage and
drainage
• No
percolation and evaporation takes place as in canals
• Preferably
used when water is scarce
Hydraulics
of Flow in Pipes
There are many basic principles that must be
considered when preparing the hydraulic profile through the plant.
1.The hydraulic profiles are prepared at peak and
average design flows and at minimum initial flow.
2.The hydraulic profile is generally prepared for
all main paths of flow through the plant.
3.The head loss through the treatment plant is the
sum of head losses in the treatment units and the connecting piping and
appurtenances.
The
head losses through the treatment unit include the following:
• Head
losses at the influent structure.
• Head
losses at the effluent structure.
• Head
losses through the unit.
The total loss through the connecting
piping's, channels and appurtenances is the sum of following:
•
Head loss due to entrance.
• Head
loss due to exit.
• Head
loss due to contraction and enlargement.
• Head
loss due to friction.
• Head loss due to bends, fittings, gates, valves, and meters.
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