ETHICAL DILEMMA
Managers
are responsible for upholding the ethical code and helping others to do so as well.
Outline the role managers must play
in implementing internal ethical standards and aligning the organization with
external standards
• Managers
hold positions of authority that make them accountable for the ethical conduct
of those who report to them.
• Managers monitor
the behavior of
employees in accordance
with the organization's expectations of appropriate
behavior, and they have a duty to respond quickly and appropriately to minimize
the impact of suspected ethical violations.
• Managers
may be responsible for creating and/or implementing changes to the ethical
codes or guidelines of an organization.
• Managers
may also be subject to a particular code of professional ethics, depending on
their position and training. Fiduciary duty is an example that applies to some
managerial roles.
The role of ethics
Morality and ethics
Morality
refers to the social norms and values that guide both individuals and their
interaction with their fellow human beings and communities, and with their
environment. In all of these types of interaction there are important values at
stake; rules and norms that are to protect these values; duties implied in
social roles and positions that can foster these values and further these
rules; and human virtues or capabilities that enable us to act accordingly.
These moral factors are usually interwoven with religious practices and social
power structures.
Ethics is a systematic and critical
analysis of morality, of the moral factors that guide human conduct in a
particular society or practice. As fisheries represent an interaction between
humans and the aquatic ecosystem, fisheries ethics deals with the values,
rules, duties and virtues of relevance to both human and ecosystem well-being,
providing a critical normative analysis of the moral issues at stake in that
sector of human activities.
When
actual moral values, rules and duties are subjected to ethical analysis, their
relation to basic human interests shared by people, regardless of their
cultural setting, is particularly important. Moral values may change, and moral
reasoning asks whether the practices that are traditionally and factually
legitimated by religion, law or politics are indeed worthy of recognition.
Indeed, the development of ethics in the past century has been characterized by
a tendency to revalue and overthrow the moral conventions that have guided the
interaction between the sexes, between human beings and animals and between
human beings and their environment. A more recent task of ethics is to resist those
tendencies of globalization, marketization and technologization that erode both biodiversity and
valuable aspects of cultural identity - and may even have effects that threaten
human rights. Although these tendencies are often presented as value-neutral,
they carry with them hidden assumptions that are potential sources of inequity
and abuse.
Human interests
implies
material well-being, as well as the conservation of a productive ecosystem, and
relates to fisheries as a provision of food and livelihood.
, or human self-determination,
relates to access to fishing resources, fishers' self-control and other life
options related to fisheries.
lates to the distribution of the
benefits of fishing and to the ownership of scarce resources.
In attempting to identify which
traditional and innovative practices are worthy of recognition, a moral
argument asks whether - and how - actual moral factors further the well-being
of human and non-human creatures. Moral reasoning always relates to the basic
interests of humans and other sentient beings and to the value of the environment
that sustains both human and non-human life.
An ethical analysis can play an
important part in identifying human and nonhuman interests and the value of the
ecosystem as a whole. It also asks how these values and interests may be
threatened or undermined and how they may be furthered or protected. Ecosystem
well-being is of crucial importance both in itself and for basic human
interests and long-term social benefits. In this document, the main focus is on
the way in which fishing policies and practices affect the living conditions,
interests and well-being of fishers and fishing communities, as well as the
well-being of the ecosystem. This is in keeping with sustainable development,
the dominant concept of environmental ethics, enshrined in the FAO concept of
responsible fisheries.
Basic
human interests
A major aspect of an ethical
analysis of fisheries must be to clarify the human interests and social
benefits that can be considered necessary conditions for leading a decent human
life. Basic human interests are related to the main tasks that humans need to
undertake in life in order to satisfy their needs and lead their lives in
coexistence with others. In line with classical ethical thought, these
interests can be divided into three main categories: (i) Welfare: People need
basic goods to survive and care for their offspring; (ii) Freedom: People seek
to regulate their own affairs and realize their life plans in accordance with
their own or culturally defined values; (iii) Justice: People need to find ways
to share social benefits and burdens and facilitate peaceful coexistence.
In this context, moral analysis aims
to show, for example, how the human interests in welfare, freedom and justice
are relevant and how they relate to social benefits in the management of
fisheries.
These basic interests are
intricately connected to the capabilities necessary for leading a decent human
life and, thus, to the vulnerabilities against which people must be protected.
They constitute the moral values that moral reasoning aims to defend, e.g. by
framing fundamental principles that serve to guide our moral interaction and to
protect basic moral interests.
At the most general level, the
related vulnerabilities against which people must be protected are: poverty,
domination and injustice.
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