Data communication between CPU and memory
The Central Processing Unit(CPU)
has a Memory Data Register (MDR) and a Memory Address Register (MAR). The
Memory Data Register (MDR) keeps the data which is transferred between the
Memory and the CPU. The Program Counter (PC) is a
special register in the CPU which always keeps the address of the next
instruction to be executed. The Arithmetic and Logic unit of CPU places the
address of the memory to be fetched, into the Memory Address Register.
A bus is a collection
of wires used for communication between the internal components of a computer.
The address bus is used to point a memory location. A decoder, a digital
circuit is used to point to the specific memory location where the word
can be located. The
address register is connected with the
address bus, which provides the address of the instruction. A data bus is used
to transfer data between the memory and the CPU. The data bus is bidirectional
and the address bus is unidirectional. The control bus controls both read and
write operations. The read operation fetches data from memory and transfers to
MDR. A single control line performs two operations like Read/Write using 1or 0.
Also, the write operation transfers data from the MDR to memory. This
organization is shown in Figure 3.3.
The word in the RAM
has the same size (no. of bits) as the Memory Data Register (MDR). If the
processor is an 8-bit processor like Intel 8085, its MDR and the word in the
RAM both have 8 bits.
If the size of the MDR
is eight bits, which can be connected with a word in the memory which is also
eight bits size. The data bus has eight parallel wires to transfer data either
from MDR to word or word to MDR based on the control(Read or write). This
control line is labeled as R/W , which becomes 1 means READ operation and 0
means WRITE operation. Figure 3.4 shows the content of MDR and the word before
the READ operation.Also, Figure 3.5 shows the content of MDR and the word after
the READ operation.
The read operation
transfers the data(bits) from word to Memory Data Register. The write operation
transfers the data(bits) from Memory Data Register to word.
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