WATER
TREATMENT: UPFLOW FILTERS
Upflow units contain a single filter medium-usually
graded sand. The finest sand is at the top of the bed with the coarsest sand
below. Gravel is retained by grids in a fixed position at the bottom of the
unit. The function of the gravel is to ensure proper water distribution during
the service cycle. Another grid above the graded sand prevents fluidization of
the media. Air injection during cleaning (not considered backwash because the
direction of flow is the same as when in-service) assists in the removal of
solids and the reclassification of the filter media. During operation, the
larger, coarse solids are removed at the bottom of the bed, while smaller
solids particles are allowed to penetrate further into the media. Typical
service flow rates are 5-10 gpm/ft². An example of this unit is shown in Figure
6-3.
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