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Chapter: Control Systems : Time Response Analysis

Root Locus Technique, Analysis and Application Procedure

The roots of the closed-loop characteristic equation define the system characteristic responses

Root Locus Technique

 

o   Introduced by W. R. Evans in 1948

 

o   Graphical method, in which movement of poles in the s-plane is sketched when some parameter is varied The path taken by the roots of the characteristic equation when open loop gain K is varied from 0 to ∞ are called root loci

 

o   Direct Root Locus = 0 < k < ∞

 

o   Inverse Root Locus = - ∞ < k < 0

 

Root Locus Analysis:

 

o   The  roots  of  the  closed-loop  characteristic  equation  define  the  system  characteristic responses

 

o   Their location in the complex s-plane lead to prediction of the characteristics of the time domain responses in terms of:

 

o   damping ratio ζ,

 

o   natural frequency, wn

 

 

o   damping constant ζ, first-order modes

 

o   Consider how these roots change as the loop gain is varied from 0 to∞

 

Basics of Root Locus:

 

o   Symmetrical about real axis

 

o   RL branch starts from OL poles and terminates at OL zeroes

 

o   No. of RL branches = No. of poles of OLTF

 

o   Centroid is common intersection point of all the asymptotes on the real axis

 

o   Asymptotes are straight lines which are parallel to RL going to ∞ and meet the RL at ∞

 

o   No. of asymptotes = No. of branches going to ∞

 

o   At Break Away point , the RL breaks from real axis to enter into the complex plane

 

o   At BI point, the RL enters the real axis from the complex plane

 

Constructing Root Locus:

 

o   Locate the OL poles & zeros in the plot Find the branches on the real axis

 

o   Find angle of asymptotes & centroid

 

o   Φa= ±180º(2q+1) / (n-m)

 

o   ζa = (Σpoles - Σzeroes) / (n-m) Find BA and BI points

 

o   Find Angle Of departure (AOD) and Angle Of Arrival (AOA)

 

o   AOD = 180º- (sum of angles of vectors to the complex pole from all other poles) + (Sum of angles of vectors to the complex pole from all zero)

 

o   AOA = 180º- (sum of angles of vectors to the complex zero from all other zeros) + (sum of angles of vectors to the complex zero from poles)

 

o   Find the point of intersection of RL with the imaginary axis.

 

Application of the Root Locus Procedure

 

Step 1: Write the characteristic equation as

 

1+ F(s)= 0

Step 2: Rewrite preceding equation into the form of poles and zeros as follows


 

Step 3:

 

Locate the poles and zeros with specific symbols, the root locus begins at the open-loop poles and ends at the open loop zeros as K increases from 0 to infinity

 

If open-loop system has n-m zeros at infinity, there will be n-m branches of the root locus approaching the n-m zeros at infinity

 

Step 4:

 

The root locus on the real axis lies in a section of the real axis to the left of an odd number of real poles and zeros

 

Step 5:

 

The number of separate loci is equal to the number of open-loop poles

 

Step 6:

 

The root loci must be continuous and symmetrical with respect to the horizontal real axis

 

Step 7:

 

The loci proceed to zeros at infinity along asymptotes centered at centroid and with angles

 




Step 8:

 

The actual point at which the root locus crosses the imaginary axis is readily evaluated by using Routh‗s criterion

 

Step 9:

 

 Determine the breakaway point d (usually on the real axis)

 

Step 10:

 

Plot the root locus that satisfy the phase criterion


 

Step 11:

Determine the parameter value K1 at a specific root using the magnitude criterion

 

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Control Systems : Time Response Analysis : Root Locus Technique, Analysis and Application Procedure |


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