Legal empowerment and licensing
of farms
From the assessment of the possible environmental and social aspects of
aquaculture, it will be obvious that haphazard development without adequate
regulation can result in the collapse of an important food production industry.
Of the many regulatory measures suggested, licensing of farm establishments
based on data on impact assessment and monitoring is considered to be the most
practical way of enforcing orderly development. Large-scale farming enterprises
have necessarily to be undertaken on the basis of detailed environmental
surveys for as long a period of time as possible to be able to predict annual
fluctuations. In order to ensure that the enterprise takes full advantage of
the regulatory systems and makes use of experience generated in the monitoring
of mitigatory measures adopted for overcoming the environmental and social
impacts of the farm project, it can be advantageous for the investors and
producers to compensate for the delays involved in investigating the risks and
devise suitable mitigatory measures for the predicted adverse impacts. Besides
meeting the requirements of the grant of licenses and following the national
priorities, it may not otherwise be possible to select the appropriate farming
systems and make enterprises sustainable on a longterm basis.
Not all development will require detailed environmental assessment and
only major projects that are likely to have serious impacts need detailed
assessment. However, in the case of crowded clusters of small-holder farms
around small creeks and estuaries, as in the case of shrimp farming in Asia,
environmental and socio-economic impact studies, including carrying capacity of
receiving water bodies, will have to be monitored by the regulatory authorities
in consultation with local communities to regulate the total area and design of
such farm clusters and to ensure good management practices. Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) is a decision-making tool, which constitutes a study of
the consequences of the proposed action on the environment and identification
of the best alternatives for possible environmental and social conflicts. The
mitigatory measures proposed should be undertaken to counteract the negative
impacts predicted. There should be provision for monitoring of the mitigatory
measures undertaken and success in achieving the goals of sustainability.
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