Attention Deficit ­Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention Deficit ­Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity

Disorder is otherwise known as Hyperkinetic disorder. The syndrome was first described by Heinrich Hoff in 1854.

Definition

Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder is a Neuro behavioral developmental disorder characterized by inattentiveness, over activity, easily distractable and impulsiveness. The child responds to multiple stimuli at same time.

Epidemiology

ADHD is most commonly studied and diagnosed in, primary school children 1.7%, school aged children 3 %– 5%.

The ratio of boys and girls ranges from 2: 1.

Risk Factors for ADHD

·  Drug exposure of baby during pregnancy

·  Birth complications

·  Low birth weight

·  Lead poisoning

Causes for ADHD:

Biological causes:

·  Genetic: biological parents of ADHD.

·  Bio chemical: alterations in dopamine and nor – epinephrine.

·  Anatomical causes: Alteration in the regions of frontal lobes, basal ganglia, and cerebellum in brain

Psychosocial Causes

·  Family dysfunction

·  Stressful events

·  Emotional deprivation

·  Paternal criminality

·  Low socio economic status and poverty

Perinatal Causes

·  Alcohol and tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy.

·  Head injuries.

·  Infections during pregnancy, at birth and early childhood.

·  Prolonged labour

·  Perinatal asphyxia

·  Postnatal infections, CNS abnormalities due to trauma

Environmental Causes

Environmental lead. Elevated body levels of lead affects the cognitive and behavioural development in children. Food dyes and additives (colouring preservatives), artificial flavours.

Clinical Features

·  Sensitive to stimuli

·  Easily upset by noise, light and environmental changes

·  Short attention span, easily distractible,

·  Failure to finish works

·  Poor learning capacity and memory.

Types of ADHD

Diagnosis

·  A detailed history about pre natal and developmental history

·  Teachers school report and parents report

·  Child guidance clinic and complete psychiatric evaluation with psychologist

·  Medical examination for neurological examination, hearing and vision.

Treatment

·  Medications

·  Therapies

·  Behaviour modification therapy

·  Family education

·  Social skill training

·  Attention training

·  Visual training

·  One to one talking

ADHD in Classroom

·  Reduce seating distractions

·  Supervision

·  Give positive reinforcement

Homework folder for parents