TEXTBOOK EXERCISE
I. Choose the best answer.
1.
Burning of paper is a __________ change.
a) physical
b) chemical
c) physical and chemical
d) neutral
[Answer: (b) chemical]
2.
Burning of matchstick is an example for chemical reaction caused by __________
a) contact in physical states
b) electricity
c) light
d) catalyst
[Answer: (a) Contact in physical states]
3.
__________ undergoes rusting.
a) Tin
b) Sodium
c) Copper
d) Iron
[Answer: (d) iron]
4.
The pigment responsible for browning of apples is __________.
a) hydrated iron (II) oxide
b) melanin
c) starch
d) ozone
[Answer: (b) melanin]
5.
Brine is a concentrated solution of__________.
a) sodium sulphate
b) sodium chloride
c) calcium chloride
d) sodium bromide
[Answer: (b) sodium chloride]
6.
Limestone contains __________ mainly.
a) calcium chloride
b) calcium carbonate
c) calcium nitrate
d) calcium sulphate
[Answer: (b) calcium carbonate]
7.
Which of the following factor induces electrtolysis?
a) Heat
b) Light
c) Electricity
d) Catalysis
[Answer: (c) electricity]
8.
In Haber’s process of producing ammonia__________ is used as a catalyst.
a) nitrogen
b) hydrogen
c) iron
d) nickel
[Answer: (c) iron]
9.
Dissolved gases like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in rain water
causes__________
a) acid rain
b) base rain
c) heavy rain
d) neutral rain
[Answer: (a) Acid rain]
10.
__________ is/are responsible for global warming.
a) Carbon dioxide
b) Methane
c) Chlorofluorocarbons
e) Carbon dioxide, Methane,
Chlorofluorocarbons
[Answer: (d) Carbon di oxide, methane, chlorofluoro
carbons]
II. Fill in the
blanks.
1. Photosynthesis is a chemical
reaction that takes place in the presence of sunlight.
2. Iron objects undergo rusting when
exposed to water and oxygen.
3. Ammonia is the basic material
to manufacture urea.
4. Electrolysis of brine solution gives chlorine and hydrogen gases.
5. Catalyst is a chemical
substance which alters the speed of a chemical reaction.
6. Poly phenol oxidase or tyrosinase is the enzyme
responsible for browning of vegetables and fruits.
III. Say true or
false. If false, correct the statement.
1. A chemical reaction is a temporary
reaction.
Correct statement: A chemical reaction is permanent.
2. Decomposition of lead nitrate is
an example for a chemical reaction caused by light.
Correct statement: Decomposition of lead nitrate is an example for a chemical reaction
based on heat.
3. Formation of slaked lime from
quicklime is an endothermic reaction.
Correct statement: Formation of slaked limed from quicklime is a exothermic reaction.
4. CFC is a pollutant.
5. Light energy may come out due to
chemical reactions.
IV. Match the
following.
a.
Rusting - Photosynthesis
Electrolysis - Haber’s process
Thermolysis - Iron
Food - Brine
Catalysis - Decomposition oflimestone
[Answer:
(1 - c, 2 - d, 3 - e, 4 - a, 5 – b]
1. Rusting - (c) Iron
2. Electrolysis - (d) Brine
3. Thermolysis - (e) Decomposition of limestone
4. Food - (a) photosynthesis
5. Catalysis - (b) Haber’s process
b.
Spoilage - Decomposition
Ozone - Biocatalyst
Tarnishing - Oxygen
Yeast - Chemical reaction
Calcium oxide - Food
[Answer:
(1 - e, 2 - c, 3 - d, 4 - b, 5 - a)]
Spoilage - (e) Food
Ozone - (c) oxygen
Tarnishing - (d) chemical reaction
Yeast - (b) biocatalyst
Calcium Oxide - (a) Decomposition
V. Answer briefly.
1.
Define a chemical reaction.
Answer: Chemical changes are otherwise called as chemical reactions, because one or more substances (Reactants)
undergo a reaction to form one or more new substances (Products).
Reactant(s) ____→ Product(s)
2.
Mention the various conditions required for a chemical reaction to occur.
Answer: The conditions required for a chemical reaction to take place :
(i) Physical contact
(ii) Solution of reactants
(iii) Electicity
(v) Light
(iv) Heat
(vi) Catalyst
3.
Define catalysis.
Answer: Chemical substance used to alters the speed of the reaction is
called catalyst and the process is
called catalysis.
4.
What happens when an iron nail is placed in copper sulphate solution?
Answer: When iron nail is dipped in the solution of copper sulphate, copper is
displaced by iron and forms ferrous sulphate. Thus, the blue colour of copper
sulphate changes into green because of formation of ferrous sulphate.
5.
What is pollution?
Answer: Unwanted change in physical, chemical and biological properties of the
environment. This is termed as pollution.
6.
What is tarnishing? Give an example.
Answer: Tarnishing of metal articles :
Shiny metal surfaces and other articles lose their shining appearance due to
chemical reactions on the surface. For example, silver articles become black on
exposure to atmospheric air. Similarly, brass vessels which contain copper as
one of constituents develop a greenish layer on exposure to air for a long
time. This is due to a chemical reaction between copper and moist air to form
basic copper carbonate and copper hydroxide.
7.
What happens to the brine during electrolysis?
Answer: A concentrated solution of sodium chloride called BRINE is electrolysed
to produce chlorine and hydrogen gases along with sodium hydroxide. This is a
very important reaction to produce chlorine industrially.
8.
On heating, calcium carbonate gives calcium oxide and oxygen. Is it an
exothermic reaction or an endothermic reaction?
Answer: Endothermic reaction.
9.
What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
Answer: Substances used to alter the speed of a chemical reaction, are
called catalysts.
For example, metallic iron is used as a catalyst in
the manufacture of ammonia by Haber’s process.
10.
Why photosynthesis is a chemical reaction?
Answer:
(i) Photosynthesis is a process in which light energy from the
sun is used by the plants to prepare starch from carbon dioxide and water.
(ii) The sunlight uses the chemical reaction between carbon
dioxide and water, which finally ends up in the production of starch (photo
means light and synthesis means production). These chemical reactions in used
by light are called as photochemical reactions.
VI. Answer in detail.
1. Explain
the environmental effects of chemical reactions?
(a)
Pollution :
(i) Environment is the place around you that comprises both
living and non living things.
(ii) Due to human activities like industries, increasing number
of automobiles etc our environment is badly affected now-a-days.
(iii) So, there is an unwanted change in physical, chemical and
biological properties of the environment. This is termed as pollution.
(iv) The substances which cause these changes are called
pollutants.
(v) Due to increasing human activities lot of chemical
substances are produced artificially which harm all the living and non living
things.
(b) Rusting:
(i) Steel benches and tables turn into reddish brown during
rainy season.
(ii) This is because when the iron metal comes into contact with
water and oxygen, it undergoes a chemical reaction called RUSTING.
(c) Tarnishing
of metal articles :
(i) Shiny metal surfaces and other articles lose their shining
appearance due to chemical reactions on the surface.
(ii) For example, silver articles become black on exposure to
atmospheric air.
(iii) Similarly, brass vessels which contain copper as one of
constituents develop a greenish layer on exposure to air for a long time.
(iv) This is due to a chemical reaction between copper and moist
air to form basic copper carbonate and copper hydroxide.
2.
Explain how food items are spoiled by chemical reactions?
Answer:
(i)
Spoilage of food and vegetables : Food
spoilage may be defined as any change that causes food unfit for human
consumption. The chemical reactions catalyzed by the enzymes result in the
degradation of food quality such as development of bad taste and odour,
deterioration and loss of nutrients.
E.g. 1: Rotten eggs develop a bad smell due to formation of hydrogen sulphide
gas.
E.g. 2 : Decaying of vegetables and fruits due to microbes.
(ii) Rancidity
of fishes and meat:
Fishes and meat containing high levels of polyunsaturated fatty
acids that undergo oxidation causes bad odour when exposed to air or light.
This process is called rancidity.
(iii) Apples
and fruits turn brown when cut:
(i) Apples and some fruits turn brown due to chemical reaction
with oxygen in air. This chemical reaction is called browning.
(ii) The cells of apples, fruits and other vegetables contain an
enzyme called polyphenol oxidase or tyrosinase, when come in contact with
oxygen catalyses a biochemical reaction of plants, phenolic compounds to brown
pigments known as melanins.
3.
Explain any three conditions that is required for a chemical reaction to take
place. Give example.
Answer: Conditions required for
a chemical reaction to take place :
Chemical reactions can be done through ;
(i) Physical contact
(ii) Solution of reactants
(iii) Electricity
(iv) Heat
(v) Light
(vi) catalyst
(i) Chemical
Reactions Based on Solution of Reactants :
When we mix two substances (Reactants) in solution form, the
chemical reaction takes place to form new substances (Products).
Example :
(1) Take small amount of solid silver nitrate and sodium
chloride in a test tube. The reactants in solid state have no reactions.
(2) Dissolve the same reactants in water in separate test tubes.
(3) Mix both the solutions. Silver nitrate solution reacts with
sodium chloride solution to form a white precipitate of silver chloride and
sodium nitrate solution.
(4) From the above reaction, we infer that some chemical
reactions proceed only in solution form not in solid form.
(ii) Chemical
Reaction Based on Electricity :
(1) When electricity is passed through water containing small
amounts of sulphuric acid, hydrogen and oxygen gases are liberated.
(2) Similarly, a concentrated solution of sodium chloride called
BRINE is electrolysed to produce chlorine and hydrogen gases along with sodium
hydroxide.
(3) This is a very important reaction to produce chlorine
industrially.
(4) From the above two reactions, we infer that some chemical
reactions proceed only by the passage of electricity.
(5) Hence, such reactions are called as electrochemical reaction or electrolysis.
(iii) Chemical
Reactions Based on Light:
Sunlight is important not only for us but also for plants as
welll. As you know photosynthesis is a process in which light energy from the
sun is used by the plants to prepare starch from carbon dioxide and water.
Example :
The sunlight uses the chemical reaction between carbon dioxide
and water, which finally ends up in the production of starch (photo means light
and synthesis means production). These chemical reactions is used by light are
called as photochemical reactions.
VII.
Higher order thinking questions.
1.
Explain the role of yeast in making cakes and buns in a bakery?
Answer:
(i) Yeast is a key ingredient in the production of baked goods.
(ii) Yeast is a bio-organic catalyst
(iii) Carbon dioxide is generated by the yeast as a result of
the breakdown of fermentable sugars in the dough and makes cakes to rise, when
baked, giving it the required and soft texture.
2.
Burning of fossil fuels is responsible for global warming. Justify the
statement.
Answer: The combustion of fossil fuels also releases a large amount of
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which is
responsible for global warming. Humans bum fossil fuels, releasing huge amounts
of carbon pollution and trapping more and more heat in the atmosphere.
3.
Discuss how acid rain occurs due to emission of smoke from vehicles and
industries?
Answer: (i) Rain becomes acidic in nature due to the presence of
certain pollutants in the air released by cars and industrial processes.
(ii) Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere.
4. Is rusting good for iron materials?
Explain.
Answer: No. Rusting is not good for iron materials. Rust is a form of
iron oxide. It occurs when iron combines with the oxygen in the air causing it
to corrode. Rust can affect iron and its alloys. It makes them weaker, by
replacing the strong iron with flaky powder.
5.
Do all the fruits and vegetables undergo browning? Explain.
Answer: No, not all the fruits. Enzymic browning can be observed in
fruits such as apricots, pears, bananas, grapes and avocados and vegetables
such as aubergines, potatoes, lettuce. The enzyme polyphenol oxidase or
tyrosinase that when in contact with oxygen catalyses a biochemical reaction of
plants phenolic compounds to brown pigments known as melanin, which results in
the fruit or vegetable turning brown.
6.Classify
the following day to day activities based on chemical reactions by physical
contact, solutions of reactants, heat, light, electricity and catalyst.
a
) Burning of crackers during festivals
b)
Fading of coloured clothes on drying under sunlight.
c)
Cooking of eggs.
d)
Charging of batteries.
Answer:
(a) Chemical reactions by physical contact
(b) Chemical reactions based on heat
(c) Chemical reactions based on heat
(d) Chemical reactions based on electricity
VIII. Value Based
Questions.
1. Kumar
is going to build a house. To purchase the iron rods required for construction,
he visited an iron and steel shop nearby. The seller showed him some iron rods
which are fresh and good. He also showed him little older iron rods which are
brownish in appearance. The price of fresh rods is more than the older ones.
The seller also gave some offer to older ones. Kumar’s friend Ramesh advised
him not to buy the cheaper rods.
a)
Is Ramesh right in his suggestion?
b)
Could you explain the reason for his suggestion?
c)
What are the values shown by Ramesh?
Answer:
(i) Yes, Ramesh is right in his suggestion because old iron rods
were rusted.
(ii) The older rods are brownish and they are rusted. Rusting
destroys the quality of the iron rods and harmful for construction.
(iii) Responsible behaviour, correct decision, caring and
awareness.
2. Palanikumar is a Lawyer. He lives
in a luxurious flat. Due to high rent, he wants to shift his residence to a
place where he has a chemical industry nearby. There the rent is very cheap and
the area is less populated also. His son Rajasekar, studying VIII, does not
like this and likes to go to some other place.
a) Is Rajasekar right in his
attitude?
b) Why did he refuse to go there?
c) What are the values shown by
Rajasekar?
Answer:
(i) Yes, Rajasekar is more concerned over his family health than
saving money.
(ii) Rajasekar know that the air pollution from nearby-chemical
industry would be harmful and affect his family health.
(iii) Environmentally sensitive, awareness, caring and correct decision.
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