1. Biogenetic law states that ______________
a) Ontogeny and phylogeny go together
b) Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
c) Phylogeny recapitulates ontogeny
d) There is no relationship between phylogeny and ontogeny
2. The ‘use and disuse theory’ was proposed by ______________.
a) Charles Darwin
b) Ernst Haeckel
c) Jean Baptiste Lamarck
d) Gregor Mendel
3. Paleontologists deal with
a) Embryological evidences
b) Fossil evidences
c) Vestigial organ evidences
d) All the above
4. The best way of direct dating fossils of recent origin is by
a) Radio-carbon method
b) Uranium lead method
c) Potassium-argon method
d) Both (a) and (c)
5. The term Ethnobotany was coined by
a) Khorana
b) J.W. Harsbberger
c) Ronald Ross
d) Hugo de Vries
1. The characters developed by the animals during their life time, in response to the environmental changes are called adaptation.
2. The degenerated and non-functional organs found in an organism are called vestigial organs.
3. The forelimbs of bat and human are examples of homologous organs.
4. The theory of natural selection for evolution was proposed by Charles Darwin.
1. The use and disuse theory of organs’ was postulated by Charles Darwin. - False
The Use and Disuse theory of organs was postulated by Lamarck.
2. The homologous organs look similar and perform similar functions but they have different origin and developmental pattern.
The homologous organs look dissimilar and perform different functions but they have similar origin and developmental pattern.
3. Birds have evolved from reptiles. - True
Column A Column B
a) Atavism - caudal vertebrae and vermiform appendix
b) Vestigial organs - a forelimb of a cat and a bat’s wing
c) Analogous organs - rudimentary tail and thick hair on the body
d) Homologous organs - a wing of a bat and a wing of an insect
e) Wood park - radiocarbon dating
f) W.F. Libby - Thiruvakkarai
Column A : Column B
(a) Atavism : rudimentary tail and thick hair on the body
(b) Vestigial organs : caudal vertebrae and vermiform appendix
(c) Analogous organs : a wing of a bat and a wing of an insect
(d) Homologous organs : a forelimb of a cat and a bat’s wing
(e) Wood park : Thiruvakkarai
(f) W. F. Libby : radiocarbon dating
1. A human hand, a front leg of a cat, a front flipper of a whale and a bat’s wing look dissimilar and adapted for different functions. What is the name given to these organs?
Homologous organs.
2. Which organism is considered to be the fossil bird?
Archaeopteryx.
3. What is the study of fossils called?
Palaeontology.
1. The degenerated wing of a kiwi is an acquired character. Why is it an acquired character?
(i) When there is a change in the environment, the animals respond to the change.
(ii) They develop adaptive structures. The characters developed by the animals during their life time, in response to the environmental changes are called acquired characters.
(iii) Lamarck’s use and disuse theory states that if an organ is used constantly, the organ develops well and gets strengthened. When an organ is not used for a long time, it gradually degenerates.
Degenerated wing of kiwi is an example for organ of disuse
Degeneration of wings in kiwi is due to disuse of wings over generations since they have learns to walk on land for all their needs. This is an acquired character in response to their habitat. According to Lamarck such characters are passed to the off springs by inheritance.
2. Why is Archaeopteryx considered to be a connecting link?
(i) Archaeopteryx is the oldest known fossil bird.
(ii) It is considered to be a connecting link between reptiles and birds. It had wings with feathers, like a bird. It had long tail, clawed digits and conical teeth, like a reptile.
3. Define Ethnobotany and write its importance.
(i) Ethnobotany is the study of a region’s plants and their practical uses through the traditional knowledge of the local culture of people^
(ii) The term Ethnobotany was coined by J. W. Harshberger in 1895 to include the study of plants used by the primitive and aboriginal people.
Importance of Ethnobotany :
(i) It provides traditional uses of plant.
(ii) It gives information about certain unknown and known useful plants.
(iii) The ethnomedicinal data will serve as a useful source of information for the chemists, pharmacologists and practitioners of herbal medicine.
(iv) Tribal communities utilize ethnomedicinal plant parts like bark, stem, roots, leaves, flower bud, flowers, fruits, seeds, oils, resins, dyes, gum for the treatment of diseases like diarrhoea, fever, headache, diabetes, jaundice, snakebites, leprosy, etc.
4. How can you determine the age of the fossils?
(i) The age of fossils is determined by radioactive elements present in it.
(ii) They may be carbon, uranium, lead or potassium. It is used in paleobotany and anthropology for determining the age of human fossils and manuscripts.
Radioactive carbon (C14) dating method :
(i) This method was discovered by W.F. Libby (1956).
(ii) Carbon consumption of animals and plants stops after death and since then, only the decaying process of C14 occurs continuously.
(iii) The time passed since death of a plant or animal can be calculated by measuring the amount of C14 present in their body.
VII. Long answer questions
1. Natural selection is a driving force for evolution-How?
Answer:
Evolution
is the gradual change occurring in living organisms over a period of time.
Formation of new species due to changes in specific characters over several
generations as response to natural selection, is called evolution. Principles of Darwinism - Theory of Natural
selection proposed by Charles Darwin :
Overproduction :
(i) Living beings have the ability to
reproduce more individuals and form their own progeny. (Multiply in Geometrical
manner.)
(ii) This will increase reproductive potential leading
to over production.
Struggle for existence: Due to over production, a
geometric ratio of increase in population occurs. This creates an intense
competition among the organisms for food and space leading to struggle.
The
struggle for existence are of three
types:
(i) Intraspecific struggle: Competition among the
individuals of same species.
(ii) Interspecific
struggle: Competition between the organisms of different species
living together.
(iii) Environmental struggle: Natural conditions like
extreme heat or cold, drought and floods can affect the existence of organisms.
Variations :
(i) The occurrence of variation is a characteristic
feature of all plants and animals. Small
variations are important for
evolution.
(ii) According to Darwin
favourable variations are useful to the organism and unfavourable variations are harmful or useless
to the organism.
Survival of the fittest or Natural selection:
(i) During the struggle for existence, the organisms
which can overcome the challenging situation, survive
and adapt to the surrounding
environment. Organisms which are unable to face the challenges, are unfit to
survive and disappear.
(ii) The process of selection of organisms with
favourable variation is called as natural
selection.
Origin of species
(i) According to Darwin, new
species originates by the gradual accumulation of favourable variations
for a number of generations.
Hence
natural selection is a driving force for evolution since it leads to formation
of new species.
2. How do you differentiate homologous organs from analogous organs?
Answer:
Homologous organs :
(i) The homologous organs are those which have
inherited from common ancestors with similar developmental pattern in embryos.
E.g:
A human hand, a front leg of a cat, flipper of a whale and a bat’s wing look
dissimilar and adapted for different functions.
(ii) Their mode of development and basic structure of
bone are similar.
Analogous organs :
The
analogous organs look similar and perform similar functions but they have
different origin and developmental pattern.
E.g:
The function of the wings of a bat, the wings of a bird and wings of an insect
are similar but their basic structures are different.
3. How does fossilization occur in plants?
Answer:
The
process of formation of fossil in the rocks is called fossilization.
Common
methods of fossilization includes
(i) Petrifaction
(ii) Molds and Cast
(iii) Carbonization
(iv) Preservation
(v) Compression
(vi) Infiltration.
(i) Petrifaction:
(1) Minerals like silica slowly penetrate in and
replace the original organic tissue and forms a rock like fossil.
(2) This method of fossilization can preserve hard and soft parts. Most bones and
wood fossils are petrified.
(ii) Mold and Cast:
(1) A replica of a plant or animal is preserved in sedimentary rocks.
(2) When the organism gets buried in sediment it is
dissolved by underground water leaving a hollow depression called a mold.
(3) It shows the original shape but does not reveal
the internal structure.
(4) Minerals or sediment fill the hollow depression
and forms a cast.
(iii) Preservation :
(1) Original remains can be preserved in ice or amber (tree sap).
(2) They protect the organisms from decay. The entire
plant or animal is preserved.
(iv) Compression :
(1) When an organism dies, the hard parts of their
bodies settle at the bottom of the sea bed
and are covered by sediment.
(2) The process of sedimentation goes on continuously
and fossils are formed.
(v) Infiltration dr Replacement:
(1) The precipitation
of minerals takes place which later on infiltrate the cell wall.
(2) The process is brought about by several mineral
elements such as silica, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.
(3) Hard parts are dissolved and replaced by these
minerals.
1. Arun was playing in the garden. Suddenly he saw a dragon fly sitting on a plant. He observed the wings of it. He thought it looked similar to a wing of a crow. Is he correct? Give reason for your answer.
(i) No. Wings of a dragon fly are different from the wings of crow. In the case of a crow, wings represent modified forelimbs.
(ii) Wings of a dragon fly and crow have the same function. They serve to fly but their origin and developmental pattern are different. Such organs which look similar and perform similar function but have different origin and developmental pattern are called analogous organs.
2. Imprints of fossils tell us about evolution-How?
(i) Fossils are evidence for evolution.
(ii) Fossils are the most important proof for evolution of life on earth over millions of years. They show that life on earth was once different from life found on earth today.
(iii) By Studying fossils, help scientists to gather information about plants and animals which lived in the past ages.
(iv) A plant fossil is any preserved part of a plant that has died long back.
(v) Fossils may be a prehistoric impression that may be hundred to millions of years old.
(vi) Majority of the plant fossils are disarticulated parts of plants, it is rare to find plants to be preserved as whole.
Importance of fossils :
(i) They throw light on phylogeny and evolution of plants.
(ii) Fossil plants give a historical approach to plant kingdom.
(iii) Thus even if fossils are not available as a whole, imprints or separated parts will also be able to give us lot of information about evaluation.
3. Octopus, cockroach and frog all have eyes. Can we group these animals together to establish a common evolutionary origin. Justify your answer.
(i) No. These animals cannot be grouped together. Only the presence of eyes is not a factor to group animals together.
(ii) The interrelationship of the organism must be supported by evidence from other disciplines of biology.
(iii) Octopus and cockroach belong to phylum Arthropoda. (Invertebrates) Frog belongs to phylum Chordata. (Vertebrates).
(iv) Based on the presence of a single character, animals cannot be grouped to establish a common evolutionary origin.
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