REPAIRS, REHABLITION AND RETROFITTING OF
STRUCTURES
1.What are the techniques required for repairing
cracks?
Ø Bonding
with epoxies Ø Routing and sealing Ø Stiitching Ø Blanketing Ø External stressing Ø Grouting Ø Autogenous healing
2.Define stitching.
The tensile strength of a cracked
concrete section can be restored by stitching in a manner similar to sewing
cloth.
3. What do you mean by blanketing?
This is the simplest and most common technique for sealing
cracks and is applicable for sealing both
fine pattern cracks and larger
isolated. The cracks should be dormant unless they are opened up enough to
put in a substantial paten in which case the repair may be more property termed
as 'Blanketing'.
4. Define external stressing.
Development of cracking in
concrete is due to tensile stress and can be arrested by removing these
stresses. Further the cracks can be closed by including a compressive force
sufficient to over come the tension a residual compression.
5. Write short notes on Autogenous healing.
The inherent ability of
concrete to heal cracks within 'autogenous healing'. This is used for sealing dormant
cracks such as precast units cracked in handling of cracks developed during the
precast pilling sealing of cracks in water hands and sealing of cracks results
of temporary conditions.
6.. What is overlay?
Overlays may be used to restore a
spelling or disintegrated surface or to protect the existing concrete from the
attack of aggressive agents. Overlays used for this purpose include concrete or
mortar, bituminous compounds etc. Epoxies should be used to bond the overlays
to the existing concrete surface.
7. Give short note on Jacketing.
Jacketing consists of restoring
or increasing the section of an existing member by encasing it in a new
concrete. This method is useful for protection of section against further
deterioration by providing additional to in member.
8. Give an account on how metal bonding is done on
concrete member.
On the tension side of the beam 2 to 3mm steel
plates are to the existing beam to increase its capacity. The glue or adhesive
should compatible with the existing concrete with behavioral characteristics
under load addition to providing integrity with parent member.
9. How clamps are used to overcome low member
strength?
The distress is due to inadequate
stirrups either due to deficiency in the of provision of C- stamps, U-clamp
fixed externally along the length of beam to provide adequate these will be
protected by covering with rich mortar or concreting as the a later stage.
10. Define grouting.
Grouting can be performed in a
similar manner as the injection of an epoxy. However the use of an epoxy is the
better solution except where considerations for the resistance of cold weather
prevent such use in which case grouting is the comparable alternative.
11. Give a short note on epoxy coatings.
These are organic compound which
when activated with suitable hardening agents form strong chemically resistant
structures having excellent adhesive properties. They are used as binders or
adhesives to bond new concrete patches to existing surfaces or hand together
cracked portions. Once hardened, this compound will not melt, flow or bleed.
Care should be taken to place the epoxy within the pot life period after
mixing.
12. What are protective surface coatings?
During of concrete can be
substantially improved by preventive maintenance in the form of weather
proofing surface treatments. These treatments are used to seal the concrete
surface ad to inhibit the intrusion of moisture or chemicals.
13. List some materials used as protective surface
coatings.
Materials used for this purpose include oils such as linseed
oils, petroleum etc.
14. Define dry pack.
Dry packing is the hand placement
of a very dry mortar and subsequent tamping or ramming of the mortar into place
producing an intimate contact between the old and new concrete work.
15. Give a brief account on routing and sealing.
This method involves enlarging
the cracks along its exposed surface, filling and finally sealing it with a
suitable material. This is the simplest and most common technique for sealing
cracks and is applicable for sealing both fine pattern cracks and larger
isolated.
16. List any four causes of cracks?
Ø Use of unsound
material Ø Poor & bad workmanship Ø Use of high water-cement ratio
Ø Freezing
& thawing Ø Thermal effects Ø Shrinkage stresses
17. What are the types of cracks?
a) Class-1:
Cracks leading to structural failure
b)Class-2:
Cracks causing corrosion
c) Class-3:
Cracks affecting function
d)Class-4:
Cracks affecting appearance
18. What is pneumatically applied mortar?
Pneumatically applied mortar is
used for the restoration of when the location of deterioration is relatively at
shallow depth. It can be used on vertical as well as on horizontal surfaces and
is particularly restoring surfaces spalled to corrosion of the reinforcement.
Damaged concrete elements also retrofitted using this method. This also has
known as gunning or shotcreting techniques.
19. What is caging with steel?
A steel caging is prepared and
made to surround the existing masonry so that lateral expansion when it is
loaded in compression. The confinement of masonry will steel cage increases its
capacity and ductility.
20. Give a brief note on dogs in stitching.
The dogs are thin and long and to
cannot take much of compressive force. The dogs must be stiffened and
strengthened by encasement in an overlay or some similar means.
21. Give some concrete materials used to overcome
weathering action on concrete.
The two concrete repair materials used were
(i) a flow
able concrete with 16 mm aggregate and containing a plasticizer and a
shrinkage-compensating additive, to be cast against forms in heights up to
1.5m, and
(ii) a
patching mortar to be applied brendering, for areas less than .01 m2
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