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Chapter: Mechanical : Design of Transmission Systems : Design of Gear Boxes

Design of Brake

A brake is a device by means of which artificial frictional resistance is applied to a moving machine member, in order to retard or stop the motion of a machine.


BRAKE

 

Introduction

 

A brake is a device by means of which artificial frictional resistance is applied to a moving machine member, in order to retard or stop the motion of a machine. In the process of performing this function, the brake absorbs either kinetic energy of the moving member or potential energy given up by objects being lowered by hoists, elevators etc.

 

The energy absorbed by brakes is dissipated in the form of heat. This heat is dissipated in the surrounding air (or water which is circulated through the passages in the brake drum) so that excessive heating of the brake lining does not take place. The design or capacity of a brake depends upon the following factors :

 

1. The unit pressure between the braking surfaces,

 

2. The coefficient of friction between the braking surfaces,

 

3. The peripheral velocity of the brake drum

 

4. The projected area of the friction surfaces, and

 

5. The ability of the brake to dissipate heat equivalent to the energy being absorbed.

 

The major functional difference between a clutch and a brake is that a clutch is used to keep the driving and driven member moving together, whereas brakes are used to stop a moving member or to control its speed.

 


Energy Absorbed by a Brake

 

The energy absorbed by a brake depends upon the type of motion of the moving body. The motion of a body may be either pure translation or pure rotation or a combination of both translation and rotation. The energy corresponding to these motions is kinetic energy. Let us consider these motions as follows :

 

1.     When the motion of the body is pure translation. Consider a body of mass (m) moving with a velocity v1 m / s. Let its velocity is reduced to v2 m / s by applying the brake. Therefore, the change in kinetic energy of the translating body or kinetic energy of translation,

E1 = (1/2) m [(v1)- (v2)2]

This energy must be absorbed by the brake. If the moving body is stopped after applying the brakes, then v2 = 0, and

 

E1 = (1/2) m (v1)2

 

2. When the motion of the body is pure rotation. Consider a body of mass moment of inertia I (about a given axis) is rotating about that axis with an angular velocity ω1 rad / s. Let its angular velocity is reduced to ω2 rad / s after applying the brake. Therefore, the change in

kinetic energy of the rotating body or kinetic energy of rotation,

 

E2 = (1/2) I [(ω1)2 - (ω2)2]

 

This energy must be absorbed by the brake. If the rotating body is stopped after applying the brakes, then ω2 = 0, and

 

E1 = (1/2) I (ω1)2

 

3. When the motion of the body is a combination of translation and rotation. Consider a body having both linear and angular motions, e.g. in the locomotive driving wheels and wheels of a moving car. In such cases, the total kinetic energy of the body is equal to the sum of the kinetic energies of translation and rotation.

Total kinetic energy to be absorbed by the brake,

 

E = E1 + E2

 

Sometimes, the brake has to absorb the potential energy given up by objects being lowered by hoists, elevators etc. Consider a body of mass m is being lowered from a height h1 to h2 by applying the brake. Therefore the change in potential energy,

 

E3 = m.g (h1 – h2)

 

 


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