CONCEPT OF SEQUENTIAL LOGIC
A sequential circuit is a combinational logic with
some feedback to maintain its current value, like a memory cell. To understand
the basics let's consider the basic feedback logic circuit below, which is a
simple NOT gate whose output is connected to its input. The effect is that
output oscillates between HIGH and LOW (i.e. 1 and 0). Oscillation frequency
depends on gate delay and wire delay. Assuming a wire delay of 0 and a gate
delay of 10ns, then oscillation frequency would be (on time + off time = 20ns)
50Mhz.
The basic idea of having the feedback is to store
the value or hold the value, but in the above circuit, output keeps toggling.
We can overcome this problem with the circuit below, which is basically
cascading two inverters, so that the feedback is in-phase, thus avoids
toggling. The equivalent circuit is the same as having a buffer with its output
connected to its input.
The circuit below is the same as the inverters
connected back to back with provision to set the state of each gate (NOR is
gate with both inputs shorted like a inverter). I am not going to explain the
operation, as it is clear from the truth table. S is called set and R is called
Reset.
There still seems to be some
problem with the above configuration, we cannot control when the input should
be sampled, in other words there is no enable signal to control when the input
is sampled. Normally input enable signals can be of two types.
ü Level
Sensitive or ( LATCH)
ü Edge
Sensitive or (Flip-Flop)
Level Sensitive: The
circuit below is a modification of the above one to have level sensitive enable
input. Enable, when LOW, masks the input S and R. When HIGH, presents S and
R to the sequential logic input (the above circuit two NOR Gates). Thus Enable,
when HIGH, transfers input S and R to the sequential cell transparently, so
this kind of sequential circuits are called transparent Latch. The
memory element we get is an RS Latch with active high Enable.
Edge Sensitive: The circuit below is a
cascade of two level sensitive memory elements, with a phase shift in
the enable input between first memory element and second memory element. The
first RS latch (i.e. the first memory element) will be enabled when CLK input
is HIGH and the second RS latch will be enabled when CLK is LOW. The net effect
is input RS is moved to Q and Q' when CLK changes state from HIGH to LOW, this
HIGH to LOW transition is called falling edge. So the Edge Sensitive element we
get is called negative edge RS flip-flop.
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