THE CLIENT WITH INFECTION
Fever typically
accompanies an infection. Fevers and infections may be acute or chronic. Fever
is a hypermetabolic state in which each degree of fever on the Fahrenheit scale
raises the basal metabolic rate (BMR) by 7%. If extra calories are not provided
during fever, the body first uses its supply of glycogen, then its stored fat,
and finally its own muscle tissue for energy.
Protein intake should
be increased because of infections (sepsis). Amounts required need to be
individualized. Protein is needed to replace body tissue and to produce antibodies to fight the
infection. Minerals are needed to help build and repair body tissue and to
maintain acid-base, electrolyte, and fluid balance. Extra calories are needed
for the increased metabolic rate. Extra vitamins are also necessary for the
increased metabolic rate and to help fight the infection causing the fever.
Extra liquid is needed to replace that lost through perspira-tion, vomiting, or
diarrhea, which often accompany infection.
Clients with fever
usually have very poor appetites, but they will often accept ice water, fruit
juice, and carbonated beverages. Some will accept bouillon or consommé.
Usually, the diet
during fever and infection progresses from the liquid to the regular diet, with
frequent, small meals recommended. It should be high in protein, calories, and
vitamins. In some cases, parenteral and enteral feedings are necessary.
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