Rigid and deformable bodies
Rigid body motion theory is a
fundamental and well-established part of physics. It is based on the
approximation that for stiff materials, any force applied to a body produces a
negligible deformation. Thus, the only change a force can produce is change in
the center of mass motion and change in the rotational motion. This means that
simulation of even complex bodies is relatively simple, and thus this method
has become popular in the computer simulation field.
Given the forces acting on the
body, the motion can be determined using ?? ??for translational motion, and a
similar relation for rotational motion .
The rigid body motion model has
traditionally been applied in range analysis in CAD and for computer animation
where deformation is not required. If the deformation is not negligible, then
the approximation does not hold, and we need to start over and come up with
some other model. There exists many different models, but the two models which
have emerged to become the most widely used in practice are: mass-spring models
and statics models solved using the Finite Element Method (FEM).
Mass-spring models represent
bodies as discrete mass-elements, and the forces between them are transmitted
using explicit spring connections ('spring' is a historical term, and is
not limited to pure Hooke interactions). Given the forces acting on an element,
we can determine its motion using . The motion of the entire body is then
implicitly described by the motion of its elements.
Mass-spring
models have traditionally been applied mostly for cloth simulation. Statics
models are based on equilibrium relations, and thus make the approximation that
the effect of dynamics are negligible. Relations between the strain and stress
fields of a body are set up, and through specifying known values of these
fields, through for example specifying forces acting on the body, the unknown
parts can be determined. These relations form differential equations, and the
known values are boundary values. The FEM is an effective method for solving
boundary value problems, and has thus given its name to these types of
problems. Statics models have traditionally been applied in stress and
displacement analysis systems in CAD.
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