Core Architecture Of ADSP-21xx

CORE ARCHITECTURE OF ADSP-21xx

ADSP-21xx family DSP's are used in high speed numeric processing applications.

ADSP-21xx architecture consists of  Five Internal Buses

·        Program Memory Address(PMA)

·        Data memory address (DMA)

·        Program memory data(PMD)

·        Data memory data (DMD) and Result (R)

·        Three Computational Units  are

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

Multiply-accumulate (MAC)

Shifter

·        Two Data Address generators (DAG)

·        Program sequencer

·        On chip peripheral Options

·        Data Memory

·        Timer

·        Serial Port

Block Diagram of Architecture

BUSES:                   

The ADSP-21xx processors have five internal buses to ensure data transfer.

1.PMA and DMA buses are used internally for addresses associated with Program and data memory. The PMD and DMD are used for data associated with memory spaces. Off Chip, the buses are multiplexed into a single external address bus and a single external data bus. The address spaces are selected by the appropriate control signal.

2.The result (R) bus transfers the intermediate results directly between various computational units.

3.PMA bus is 14-bits wide allowing direct access of up to 16k words of code and data. PMD bus is 24 bits wide to accommodate the 24 bit instruction width.

The DMA bus 14 bits wide allowing direct access of up to 16k words of data.The DMD bus is 16 bit wide.

4.The DMD bus provides a path for the contents of any register in the processor to be transferred to any other register or to any external data memory location in a single cycle. DMA address comes from two sources. An absolute value specified in the  instruction  code  (direct  addressing)  or  the  output  of  DAG  (Indirect addressing).  The  PMD  bus  can  also  be  used  to  transfer  data  to  and  from  the computational units thro direct path or via PMD-DMD bus exchange unit.

COMPUTATIONAL UNITS:

The processor contains three -independent computational units. ALU, MAC (Multiplier-accumulator) and the barrel shifter. The computational units process 16-bit data directly. ALU is 16 bits wide with two 16 bit input ports and one output port. The ALU provides a standard set of arithmetic and logic functions.

ALU Features

1. Add, subtract, Negate, increment, decrement, Absolute value, AND, OR, EX-OR, Not etc.

2. Bitwise operators, Constant operators

3. Multi-precision Math Capability

4. Divide Primitives and overflow support.

MAC:

The MAC performs high speed single-cycle multiply/add and multiply/subtract operations. MAC has two 16 bit input ports and one 32 bit product output port. 32 bit product is passed to a 40 bit adder/subtractor which adds or subtracts the new product from the content of the multiplier result (MR). It also contains a 40 bit accumulator which provides 8 bit overflow in successive additions to ensure that no loss of data occurs. 256 overflows would have to occur before any data is lost. A set of background registers is also available in the MAC for interrupts service routine.

SHIFTER:

The shifter performs a complete set of shifting functions like logical and arithmetic shifts (circular or linear shift) , normalization (fixed point to floating point conversion), demoralization (floating point to fixed point conversion) etc

ALU, MAC and shifter are connected to DMD bus on one side and to R bus on other side. All three sections contains input and output registers which are accessible from the internal DMD bus. Computational operations generally take the operands from input registers and load the result into an output register.

DATA ADDRESS GENERATORS (DAG):

Two DAG's and a powerful program sequencer ensure efficient use of these computational units. The two DAG's provides memory addresses when memory data is transferred to or from the input or output registers. Each DAG keeps track of up to four address pointers. Hence jumps, branching types of instructions are implemented within one cycle. With two independent DAG's, the processor can generate two address simultaneously for dual operand fetches.

DAG1 can supply addresses to data memory only. DAG2 can supply addresses to either data memory or program memory. When the appropriate mode bit is set in mode status register (MSTAT), the output address of DAG1 is bit-reversed before being driven onto the address bus. This feature facilitates addressing in radix-2 FFT algorithm.

PROGRAM SEQUENCER:

The program sequencer exchanges data with DMD bus. It can also take from PMD bus. It supplies instruction address to program memory. The sequencer is driven by the instruction register which holds the currently executing instruction. The instruction register introduces a single level of pipelining into the program flow. Instructions are fetched and loaded into the instruction register during one processor cycle, and executed during the following cycle while the next instruction is pre-fetched. The cache memory stores up to 16 previously executed instructions. Thus data memory on PMD bus is more efficient because of cache memory. This also makes pipelining and increase the speed of operations.

FEATURES OF ADSP-21xx PROCESSOR

1.     16 bit fixed DSP microprocessor

2.     Enhanced Harvard architecture for three bus performance.

3.     Separate on chip buses for program and data memory.

4.     25 MIPS, 40 ns maximum instruction set 25Mhz frequency.

5.     Single cycle instruction execution i.e True instruction cycle.

6.     Independent computational units ALU, MAC and shifter.

7.     On chip program and data memories which can be extended off chip.

8.     Dual purpose program memory for instruction and data.

9.     Single cycle direct access to 16K × 16 of data memory.

10.                                    Single cycle direct access to 16K × 24 of program m