INCIDENCE
Premenstrual symptoms occur in
approximately 75% to 85% of women. PMS
that causes significant disruption of dailylife occurs in approximately 5% to
10% of women. PMDD, rig-orously diagnosed as outlined in the DSM-IV, affects
only 3% to 5% of women. PMS and PMDD can begin with menar-che, but can also
present later in life, even in a woman’s 40s, though this is often a reflection
of the hesitancy of women to seek medical help for their symptoms. The
expression or symptom dominance of these disorders dif-fers depending on
ethnicity and culture. There is some evidence that the incidence of PMDD varies
across cul-tures as well, with high rates in Mediterranean cultures and the
Middle East and low rates in Asia. Twin studies also demonstrate concordance,
implying a genetic contri-bution to the development of these disorders.
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